Stocks (in the plur.) is the rendering in the A. V. of the following Heb. and Gr. words: 1. The P^Eil'^, mahpeketh (Jer. xx, 2; xxix, 26; 2 Chron. xvi, 10), is supposed by some to have been rather a sort oX pilloi-y in which the head and hands were fastened than an in- strument for fastening by the feet; j'et, as the word is derived from TiSn, to ticist, it may properly represent the rack for wrenching apart the joints of the entire person (see Scheid, in the Diss. Lmjd. p. 986 ; Bochart, Hieroz. i, 694). It may perhaps be compared with the Greek Kv(pwi', as described in the Scholia ad Aristoph. Plut. 476; the latter with the Roman nerims (Plant. A sin. iii, 2, 5 ; Capt. v, 3, 40), which admitted, however, of being converted into a species of torture, as the legs could be drawn asunder at the will of the jailer (Biscoe, On Acts, p. 229). The prophet Jeremiah was confined in an instrument of this sort (Jer. xx, 2), which appears to have been a common mode of punishment in his day (xxix, 26; A. V. "prison"), as the prisons contained a chamber for the special purpose, termed " the house of the pillory" (2 Chron. xvi, 10; A. V. "prison-house"). 2. no, sad (Job xiii, 27; xxxiii, 11), which is expressly described as a fetter for the feet, and therefore perhaps answered to our stocks, 3. 02^, ekes (Prov. vii, 22), was probably a fetter fastened round the ankle. The same word is used for an anklet (Isa. iii, 18; A. V. "tinkling ornament"). 4. pi''il, tsinok (Jer. xxix, 26), is, according to the Sept. and Vulg., merely & prison, but is rather the stocks proi>er, or some other confinement of the limbs ; so Symmachus and the Hebrew interpreters generally (comp. the Arab zandk, a fetter, and the root p3S, which seems to signify to be straitened). 5. The ^vXov, liter- ally wood, to which Paul and Silas were made fast (Acts xvi, 24) may have been " stocks" (as in Lucan, Tox, 29; Plato, De Gen. Socratis, S2), but was possibly simply a bar of wood to which they were chained by the feet. See Prison.
What kind of stocks were used by the Jews, especially in the case of Jeremiah (as above), it is difficult to con- jecture ; whether they were encumbering clogs or fetters t hat did not absolutely prevent, but only embarrassed mo- tion, or were fixed frames that kept the prisoner station- ary. Both kinds were in use very anciently. The fixed kinds, properly called stocks, were of diiferent sorts, be- ing frames of wood with holes either for the feet only, or for the feet, the hands, and the neck at once. At Pompeii stocks have l)cen so contrived that ten prison- ers might be chained by the leg, each leg separately, by the sliding of a bar. Some of these forms of conline- ment — particularly that which combined, in some sort, the pillory with the stocks — were very painful, and are
Modern Stocks iu India.
STOCKTON
1031
STODDARD
mentioned in the accounts of the siifTerin<;fs of the early Christian martyrs (see Newman, Cdllista, p. 3G3 sq., where, however, the ligmuii of the Vult;. is confounded with the robui; or interior cell). See I'lnisu.mknt.
Stockton, Benjamin Breailey, a Presbyterian minister, was born at HacUettstown, N. J., Jan. ;il, 1790. After a complete academical course, he graduated at Middlebury College, Vt., in 180!); studied theology in the Andover Theological Seminary, Mass.; and was li- censed and ordained by Utica Presbytery in 1812. He labored in the followingchurches: Skeneateles. Palmyra, Pompey, Camillus, Le Kay, Montgomery, Brockport, Genesee, and Phelps, all in Western New York. He was a member of Rochester City Presbytery from its organization until 1858, when he removed to Jersey City, N. J., and subsequently to Williamsburg, L. I., and became a member of Nassau Presbytery. Here he died, Jan. 10, 18(51. Mr. Stockton " was a man of excel- lent understanding, carefid culture, and full of faith and the Holv Ghost." See Wilson, Presb, Hist. Almanac, 1862, p. 120.
Stockton, Joseph, a Presbyterian minister, was born near Chambersburg, Pa., Feb. 25, 1779; pursued his classical course at Canonsburg, where he was subse- quently a teacher; studied theology privately; was li- censed by the Presbytery of Ohio in June, 1799; and ordained and installed pastor of the churches of Mead- ville and Sugar Creek, June 24, 1801, where he contin- ued till 1810, when he resigned. On leaving Meadville he became principal of the Pittsburgh Academy, which was afterwards merged in the " Western University of Pennsylvania." Here he preached as well as taught, and, among other important services which he rendered, founded the Presbyterian Church in Allegheny. From 1820 to 1829 his labors were e(iually divided between the churches of Pine Creek and Allegheny; but from 1829 till his death, Oct. 29, 1832, he preached the whole time at Pine Creek. Mr. Stockton was the author of the Western Spelling-book and the Western Calculator, See Sprague, A nnals of the A nier. Pulpit, iv, 243, note. (J. L. S.)
Stockton, Thomas He-wrlings, D.D., an emi- nent minister of the Methodist Protestant Church, was born at Mount Holly, N. J., June 4, 1808. Wlien about eighteen years of age he was converted, and joined the Methodist Episcopal Church in Philadelphia. Soon after the Methodist Protestant Church was formed he united with it, and was placed on a circuit in 1829 by Kev. Nicholas Snethen. The following year he was sta- tioned in Baltimore, and in 1833 in Georgetown ; and was also elected chaplain to Congress, which position he held for three successive sessions. He resided in Philadelphia from 1838 to 1847, and built the church editice at the corner of Eleventh and Wood Streets. From 1847 to 1850 he lived in Cincinnati. While re- siding in that city he was elected president of Miami University, but declined. He resided in Baltimore from 1850 to 1856, and was pastor of St. John's Methodist Protestant Church. From 1856 to 1868 he was pastor of the Independent Church, Philadeljihia, but retained his personal connection with the Methodist Protestant Church. He was again chaplain to Congress in 1862, and died Oct. 9, 1868. Dr. Stockton was a man of great purity of life, of intellectual power, and was remarkable for his wonderful eloqu'iuce. He published. Sermons for the People (Pittsb. 1854, 12mo) .—Stand up for Je- sus, a Christian Ballad (Phila. 1858, 12mo) -.— The Chris- tian World, Book and .Journal, and Bihle Times, period- icals, etc. See Simpson, Cyclop, of Methodism, s. v.