2. Editions. — Like the Old Test., at first only parts of the Talmud were published, on which see De Rossi, Anmilfs /h'brteo-fypoyraphici Sec. XV (Parmaj, 1795). The first part of the Talmud, the treatise Berakoth, was published at Soncino in 1484; but the first com- plete edition (the basis of later ones) was published by Bomberg (Venice, 1520-23, 12 vols, fol.) (a complete copy of which is in the libraries of Cassel and Leipsic). Since that time editions have been published at diflferent places, which are enumerated by R. N. Rabbinowicz, in his 11-c'br'H rosin h-J ^-CH-O, or KrUische Ueber- sicht der Gesammt- und Einzelausgaben des babylonischen T(dmuds seit 1484 (Munich, 1877) (with the exception of the German title-page, the rest is in Hebrew). The Jerusalem Talmud was first published by D. Bomberg (Venice, 1523); then with brief glosses (Cracov. 1C09; Dessau, 1743 ; Berlin, 1757; Schitomir, 1860-67, 4 vols, fol.; Krotoschin, 1866, fol.). A new edition of Bom- l)erg's, with commentaries, was commenced by the late Dr. Z. Frankcl, of which, however, only the first division was published (Vienna, 1875-76).
3. Translations. — There exists as yet no complete translation of either of the Talmuds in any language. The Arabic translation, said to have been prepared in A. D. 1000, at the will of king Hashem of Spain, is no longer extant. A large portion of the Jerusalem Tal- mud is found in a Latin translation in LIgolino. Thesaur. Antiq. Sacr., viz. Pesachim (vol. xvii), ShekaHiii, Yoma, Sukkah, Rosh Hash-shanah, Taanith, MtyiUah, Chagi- gah, Bezah, M oed Katon(yo\.yiv\\\) , 3Iaaseroth, Challah, Orlah, Bikhirim (vol. xx), Sanhedrin, Makkoth (vol. xxv), Kiddushin, Sotah, Kethubuth (vol. xxx). In the same work we also find three treatises of the Babylonian Talmud, viz., Ztbachim. Menachoth (vol. xix), and San- hedrin (vol. xxv). Into French, the treatises Berakoth, Peah, iJema'i, Kilayim, Shebiith, Terunioth, Maaseroth, Maaser Sheni, Challah, Orlah, Bikkurim of the Jerusa- lem Talmud were translated by M. Schwab (Paris, 1872- 79). The treatise Berakoth according to the Jerusalem and Babylonian Talmuds was also translated into French by L. Cbiarini (Leips. 1831) and into (ierman by Rabe ( Malle, 1777). Of the Babylonian Talmud we have (ierman translations of Berakoth b}' I'inner (Berlin, 1842) ; ofBaba Metsia by A. Sammter (ibid. 1876-79); of Aboda Zarah by F.Chr. Ewald ( Nuremb. 1868). These are all the translations which are known to us.
A^. Monographs. — Since the Talmud is the great storehouse of all and everything, different branches of science and religion have been treated in monographs. Thus, on —
a. Botany: by Duschak, Zur Botanik des Talmud (Leips. 187()).
b. Civil and criminal law : by Frankel, Der gerichf- liche Beiceis luich mos.-talmudischem Rechte, Ein Bei- trng zur KentnL^s des mos.-talmudischen Ci'iminal- U. Civilrechts (Berlin, 1846); Duschak, /Vos mosaisch-taJ- mudische Eherecht, etc. (Vienna. 1864) ; Thonisson. /,a L'eine de Mort davs le Talmud (Bruxelles. 1866) ; Bloch, has mosaisch-ialmudische Polizeirecht (Leips. 1879^ ;
TALMUD
186
TALMUD
Liclitscbein, Die Eke nach mosaisch-tahmidlsvher A I'^^Tds- suru/ iind das mositisch-talmudische Eherecht (ibid. lJi79) ; Fassel, Das viosaisch-rahhinische Gerichts-VerJ'ahren in cicilrechtlichen Sachen, etc. ( Vienna, 1858 ) ; Frankel, Grundlinien des mosaisvh-talmudiscken Ehei'echts (Bres- laii, 18G0); Mielziner, 7>jV Ver/idllnisse der Sklaeen bei den alten llebrdern nach bill. u. tulmud. Quellen dur- gestellt (Leips. 18.->9).
c. Coins and weights: by B. Znckermann, Veher tal- mudische Miinzen und Getcichte (Breslau, 18()"2).
d. Education: S. Marcus, Zur Schiil - Pdda;/of/ik des Talmud (Berlin, 1866) ; Simon, E Education et P Insiruc- iiun des Eiifants chez les A nciens Jiii/'s d'apres la Bible el le Talmud (Leips. 1879); Sulzbacli, Die Pddar/of/ik des Talmud (Frankf.-on-the-ISIain, 18Go). See also tbe art. Schools in this Cyclopadia.
e. Ethics, maxims, proverbs, etc.: Lazarus, Zur Cha- raklerislik der talmudischen Ethik ( Breslan, 1877); maxims and proverbs are given by Dukes, Rabhinische Blumenlese (Leips. 1844), in 'JS-n 'p^-3 ISO (War- saw, 1874), and by A. Franck, Les Sentences et Provei'bes du Talmud et du Midi-ash, in the (Paris) Journal des Savants, Nov. 1878, p. G59-676; Dec. p. 709-721.
f. Geography : by A. Neubauer, La Geogi-aphie du Talmud, Memoire couronne par I'A cadeniie des Inscrip- tions et Belles-lettres (Paris, 1868).
ff. Mathematics: byZuckermann, /)</« mathematische im, Talmud (Breslan, 1878); id. Bus judische Maass- S)/st€7n (ibid. 1867).
h. IMedicine : Wunderbar, Biblisch-talmudische ^^fedi- cin (Riga, 1852-59) ; Halpern, Beitrdf/e zur Geschichte der talmudischen Chirurijie (Breslau, 1869).
i. Magic : Brecher, I}as Transcendentale, Magie u. magische lleilarten im Tulmud (Vienna, 1850).
j. Psychology : Jacobson, Versuch einer Psychologie des Talmud (Hamburg, 1878).
k. Religious philosophy: '^a.ger, Die Rtliyionsphiloso- phie des Talmud (Leips. 1864).
I. Zoology : Lewysohn, Zur Zoologie des Talmud (Frankf.-on-the-Mai"n, 1858).
m. Labor and handicraft : S. Meyer, .4 7-beit und Iland- werk im Talmud (Berlin, 1878); Delitzsch, Jiidisches Jhindwerkerleben zur Zeit Jesu (3d ed. Erlangen, 1879). The latter wrote also on the colors in the Talmud in Kord und Slid, May, 1878.
?i. Biblical Antiquities: Hamburger, Bihlisch - Tal- mudisch. Wvrtei-huch (Neu-Strelitz, 1861).
5. Textual Ciiticism. — Lebrecht, Krifische I^ese ver- besserter I^esai'ten zum Talmud ( Berlin, 1864); Rai)b!- nowicz, Varim I^ectiones in Misch7mm et in Talmud Baby- hmicum quum ex aliis Libris A nliquissimis et Scriptis et l7np?-essis turn e Codice Monacensi Pr-cestantissimo collec- tae, Aiinotationibus insti-uctcB (pt. i-viii, IMunich, 1868-77).
6. Bibliography. — Pinner, in his preface to Berakoth, p. 9 sq. ; Beer, in Frankel's Monatsschrift, 1857, p. 456- 458; hehxecM, Handschriften und erste Gesammtausgn- ben des bubyl, Tcdmud, in den wissenschnftlichen Bldt- tern des Berliner Beth ha -Midrasch (Berlin, 1862); Steinschneider, Ilebrdische Bibliographie (1863), vi, .39 sq. ; De Rossi, ,4 «??((/« Hebrceo-typographici Sec. XV (Parma. 1795) ; id. T)e llebruicm Typographies Origine ac Primitiis, etc. (ibid. 1776).