7. Linguistic Helps. — Buxtorf, Lexicon Chaldaicum. Talmudicum et Rabbinicum (Basil. 1640, fol. ; new ed. by B. Fischer, Leipsic, 1869-75) ; Liiwy, Neuhebrdisches und chalddisches Wortei-buch, etc. (ibid. 1875; in the course of publication); Aruch, by Nathan ben-.Jechiel ; new critical edition by A. Kohut. Plenum A rvch Targum- Talmudico- Midrasch Verbale et Reale Lexicon (Vien- na, 1878 sq.) ; Briill, Fremdsprachliche Redensarten, etc. (Leipsic, 1869); Geiger, Zur Geschichte der t(dinudi- schen Lexicographic, in Zeitschrift d. D. M. G. 1858. xii. 142 ; Stein, Talmudische Terminologie (Prague, 1869); Zuckermandel, in Gratz's Afonatsschrift, 1873. p. 421- 430, 475-477: 1874, p. 30-44, 130-138. 183-189, 213- 222; UUlf, Zur Lautlehre der aramdisch-talmudischen
Dialecte, i. Die Kehllaute (Leipsic, 1879); Berliner, /?et- ti'dge zur hebi-dischen Grammatik in Talmud und Mi- drasch (Berlin, 1879); Kalisch [L], Sketch of the Tal- mud, including the Sepher Jezirah, with Translation, Notes, and Glossary (N. Y. 1877).
8. IJteratu7-e in Genei'al. — Treatises on the Talmud have been written in different languages, and their number is legion. To enumerate tliem would be not only tedious, but useless, because, written from a certain stand|)(iint, they only give one side of the question. Such are the treatises of Deutsch, written for the glori- lication of modern .Judaism, and repeated by Schwal) in liis introduction to his treatise Berakoth (Paris, 1871), and of Rohling and JMartin, written in a hostile si)irit against Judaism, because more or less dependent on Eisenmenger's Enldecktes .ludenthuni (Konigsberg, 1711, 2 vols.). Quite different is the work of A. M'Caul, The Old Paths (Loud. 1854), and the Pe7itateuch according to the Talmud (vol. i, Genesis, ibid. 1874) by P. J. Her- shon, because tending to show how Pharisaism has made the law of (iod void by a multitude of traditions. We therefore confine ourselves to such works as will give the reader the necessary information on the Tal- mud, viz. Wiihner, A7itifjuita/es Ebrceoriim (1743), i, 231-584; Wolf, Bibliotheca llebrcea, ii. 657-993; iv, 320-456; Briill, Die Entsiehungsgeschichte des babyl. Talmuds, in his Jahrbiicker (Frankfort-on-the-Main, 1876), ii, 1-123; Auerbach, Das jiidische Obligations- rechf, i. 62-114; Frankel, fnh-oductio in Tulmud Hiero- solymitanum (Breslau, 1870 [Heb. ]); Wiesner, GiVeth .[eruschalu'im, ed. Smolensk}' (Vienna, 1872 [Heb.]); Fitrst, Literaturblatt des Orients, 1843, No. 48-51 ; 1850, No. 1 sq.; id. Kultur- u. Literatui-geschichte der Jude7i in Asien (1849), vol. i; Znnz, Die goltesdienstlichen Vor- trdge der Juden, p. 51-55, 94; Jost. Gesch. d. Israeliten, iv,"222 sq., 323-328; id. Gesch. d. Judenthums u. s. Sec- ten, ii, 202-212; Gratz, GescJi. d. Juden, iv, 384. 408-412 sq.; Frankel, Monatsschrift, 1851-52. p. 36-40, 70-80, 203-220, 403-421, 509-521; 1861, p. 186-194, 205-212, 256-272; 1871, p. 120-137 ; Geiger, Jiidische Zeitschrift, 1870, p. 278-306 ; Pinner, Compendium des hiei-osolym, und babylon. Talmud (Berlin, 1832); id. Eiideitung in de7i Tulmud, in his translation of Berakoth, fol. 1-12; Schiirer, I/andbuch der 7ieutestam. Zeitgeschichte (Leip- sic, 1874), p. 37-49: Pressel, art. Talmud, in Herzog's Reul-Encyklop. ; Davidson, in Kitto's Cyclop, s. v. ; iVIausseaux. Ze Juif le Juda'isme, el la Juda'isation (Paris, 1869), p. 76 sq.; Bernstein, C^-^zn ^'1X,an apol- ogy for the Talmud (Odessa. 1868) ; Waldberg, iDin n"^l3irn, or explanation of the logic of the Talmud (Lemberg, 1876). The expurgated passages are col- lected by Meklenburg in n::-;-rnn v:i^1'p■, the dif- ficult passages of the Talmud, which are explained by Raschi, are foimd in D'^il TET (Schitomir, 1874) ; Jacob Briill, *p12J3 UiTll, or Mnemotechnik des Talmuds (A'ienna, 1864 [Heb.]) ; Bacher, Die Agada der baby- lonischen A morder, Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der Agada und zur Einleitung in den bubylonischen Talmud (Strasburg, 1878) ; Friedliinder, Geschichtsbilder aus der Zeit der Taiuiiten und A morder, Ein Beitrag zur Ge- schichte des Talmuds (Briinn, 1879). The Hagadoth contained in both Talmuds are collected in Jacob ibn- Chabib's npr"! 'i'" (latest edition Wilna, 1877). See Fiirst, Bibl. Jud. i, 151 ; Wolf, Bibl. Ileb. i, 590 sq.: iii, 456 sq.; iv, 866 s(). ; and in Jafe's (INTO ilS^ (comp. Wolf, iiiV/.i, 1204; iii. 1109; Fiirst. ii, 9,96); the Tosephta is now in course of being edited by Dr. M. S. Zucker- mandel (Berlin. 1876 sq.); Schwarz, Die Tosiftu der Ordiving Moed in ihrem Verhdltiiiss zur Mischna kTitisch U7itersucht,Vi.\,L)er Tractat Sabbath (Carlsruhe, 1879); Jellinek, Ilagadische //ermeneutik mit 3lidrasch-Com- 7nentar (Vienna, 1878); Placzek, Die Agada und der Danviimmus, in the Jiid. Literaturblatt, vol. vii, Xo. 1, 6, 8, 11, 13, 16, 17, 23-31 ; Muhlfelder, Rub: ein Lebetis-
TALMUD
187
TALMUD
UM znr Geschichte des Talmud (Lcips. 1871) ; Fosslcr, Mar Samuel, der bedeutendste A moi-a. Kin Beitra;; ziir Kunde des Talmud ( Breslau. 1879); Hoffmann, Mar Samuel, Rector der jiidischen Akademie zu Nehardva in Babylonien (Leips. 1873). (B. P.)
TALMUD, The Old Testajiknt in the Time of THE. The Talmud presupposes a text so firmly estab- lished by tradition that tlie Talnuidists no longer vent- ure to alter anything in it; the}' merely seek to settle it unchangeably for all time by means of very precise regulations on the subject of Biblical calligraphy, the different ways of reading, etc.
1. The Canon {Kaviov). — This word, which occurs first in the 3d century after Christ, has no corresponding ex- pression in Jewish writings. The Bible is called "ISO, or -lEOn, "the Book" (Sabbath, fol. 13, col. 1); "the Scripture," N-HD (Targum ii inGen. xii, 42); " Holy Writings," aipn "'ars {Sabbath,MA6,co\A); XipiS, "Reading" (raamV^, fol. 27, col. 2). In Kiddiishin, fol. 49, col. 1, we find the expression diX^33 Xni-nlN CainDl, "the Law, the Prophets, and the Writings."