or in the " Porches of Adonis," and the withering of the plants was regarded as symbolical of the slaughter of the youth by the tire-god Jlars. In one of these gar- dens Adonis was found again, whence the fable says he was slain by the boar in tiie lettuce (rt(/irtKfj = Aphaca?), and was there found by Aphrodite. The finding again (frt'pfmt,') was the commencement of a wake, accompa- nied by all the usages which in the East attend such a ceremony — ]irostitution, cutting off the hair (comp. Lev. xix, 28, 29; xxi, 5; Dent, xiv, 1), cutting the breast with knives (Jer. xvi, 6), and playing on pipes (comp. Matt, ix, 23). The image of Adonis was then washed and anointed with spices, placed in a coffin on a bier, and the wound made by the boar was shown on the fig- ure. The people sat on the ground round the bier, with tiieir clothes rent (comp. Ep. of Jer. 81, 32), and the women howled and cried aloud. The whole terminated w^ith a sacrifice for the dead, and the burial of the figure of Adonis (see Movers, Phonizier, I, vii). According to Lucian, some of the inhabitants of Byblos maintained that the Egyptian Osiris was buried among them, and that the mourning and orgies were in honor of him, and not of Adonis {De Dea Syra, § 7). This is in accord- ance with the legend of Osiris as told by Plutarch (De Is. et Os.). Lucian further relates that on the same day on which the women of Byblos every year mourned for Adonis, the inhabitants of Alexandria sent them a letter, enclosed in a vessel which was wrapped in rushes or papyrus, announcing that Adonis was found. The vessel was cast into the sea, and carried by the current to Byblos (Procopius on Isa. xviii). It is called by Lu- cian fivfiXa'rjv Kt(pa\i)i', and is said to have traversed the distance between Alexandria and Byblos in seven days. Another marvel related by the same narrator is that of the River Adonis (Nahr Ibrahim), which flows down from the Lebanon, and once a year was tinged with blood, which, according to the legend, came from the wounds of Adonis (comp. Milton, Par. Lost, i, 460) ; but a rationalist of Byblos gave him a different expla- nation, how that the soil of the Lebanon was naturally very red-colored, and was carried down into the river by violent winds, and so gave a bloody tinge to the water; and to this day, says Porter {Handbook, p. 187), "after every storm that breaks upon the brow of Leba- non the Adonis still ' runs purple to the sea.' The rush- ing waters tear from the banks red soil enough to give them a ruddy tinge, which poetical fanc}', aided by pop- ular credulity, converted into the blood of Thammuz."
The time at which these rites of Adonis were cele- brated is a subject of much dispute. It is not so impor- tant with regard to the passage in Ezekiel, for there does not appear to be any reason for supposing that the time of the prophet's vision was coincident with the time at which Tammuz was worshipped. Movers, who maintained the contrary', endeavored to prove that the celebration was in the late autumn, the end of the Syrian year, and corresponded with the time of the autumnal equinox. He relies chiefly for his conclu- sion on the account given by Ammianns Marcellinus (xxii, 9, 13) of the Feast of A'lionis, which was held at Antioch when the emperor Julian entered the citj'. It is clear, from a letter of the emperor's (£);. Jul. 52), that he was in Antioch before Aug. 1, and his entry may therefore have taken place in July, the Tammuz of the Syrian j-ear. This time agrees, moreover, with the explanation of the symbolical meaning of the rites given by Ammianus Marcellinus (xxii, 9, 15) that they were a token of the fruits cut down in their prime. Now at Aleppo (Kussell, Aleppo, i, 72) the harvest is all over before the end of June, and we may fairly conclude that the same was the case at Antioch. Add to this that in Hebrew astronomical works TTan nsipn, teku- phuth Tammuz, is the " summer solstice ;" and it seems more reasonable to conclude that the Adonis feast of the Pha3iiicians and S3-rians was celebrated rather as the summer solstice than as the autumnal equinox. At
TAN
198
TAXCRED
this time the sun begins to descend among the wintry signs (Kenrick, Phoenida, p. 310). — Smith,
See, in addition to ttie above literature, and that cited under Adonis, Simonis, Be S'ujiiijicutione Thammiiz (Hal. 1744); Meursii Adonia, in Gronov. Tkesaiir. vi\, 208 sq. ; Merceisb. Review, Jan. 18G0 ; Christian Remem- hruncer, April, 1861.
Tan. See Dkaoox.
Ta'nach (Josh, xxi, 25). See Taanach.
Tanaim. See Scribes, Jewish.
Tanchelni (Tanciiklin, Tanquelin), a fanatic who lived in tlie 11th century, and was identified with the opposition current in that age against the ecclesias- ticism then prevailing. We are told that he des[)ised the Church and the clergy, from the pope downward, and claimed that the true Churcli inhered in him and his followers; that the priestly station has no influence upon the sacrament of the eucharist, worth and sanctity being the only efficient qualifications of the minister. He declared himself to be possessed of the Holy (ihost, and even to be God, as Christ is God; and he affianced himself with the Virgin Mary, whose image he presented to the vision of the assembled multitude, demanding sponsalia, which were readily contributed. Water in which he had bathed was distributed tor drinking pur- poses, with the assurance that its use formed a sacred and powerful sacrament to the good of the body as well as the soul. Tanchelm's followers were chiefly drawn from the lower classes of society, and were mostlv women. His operations were carried on along the coast of the Netherlands, and particularly in Utrecht, where disturbances were occasioned which called forth the successful interference of archbishop Frederick of Cologne. Tanchelm then removed to Bruges and Ant- werp, where he caused still greater tumults than at Utrecht, and was killed on shipboard by a priest in A.D. 1124 or 1125. His sect continued to exist somewhat longer, but was ultimately scattered or reclaimed to the Church. See Hahn, Gesc/i. d. Ketzer iiii Mittdalter (Stuttg. 1845), i, 459 sq.; Okken, Diss, de Priva Rel. Christ. Med.yEvo inter Xederlandos, etc. (Groning. 1846), p. 43 sq. ; Ep. Ti'aj. Eccl. ad Fridericum, Archiejnsco- pum Colon., in Tengnagel, Coll. Vet. Monmn. contra Schi- smaticos (Ingolst. 1612), p. 368 sq. ; Du Plessis d'Argen- tre. Coll. Jud. de Novis Errorihus, etc. (Paris, 1728), i, 11 sq. — Ilerzog, Real-EncyMop. s. v.