3. Matthias, born at Pilsen in 1630, a Jesuit, was professor of philosophy and theology, and was sent to Rome in 1675 as procurator of his order. He died about 1705. He wrote, Cruentum Christi Saci-ificium Incruento MisscB Sacrifido explicatum (Prague, 1669) : — Contra Omnes impie Agentes in Locis Sucris [Latin and Bohe- mian] : — Societas Jesu usque ad Sanguinis et Vita: Pro- fusioneni Militans [a glorification of the Jesuitic mis- sion] (ibid. 1675; in German, 1683); similar is Societas Jesu Apostolorum Imitatrixsive Gesta Pneclara et Virtu- tes, etc. [Latin and German] (ibid. 1694 and 1701): — Historia Montis Oliveti in Moraria ad Strambergam Siti [Bohemian] (ibid. 1666). (B. P.)
4. Thomas, an English divine and antiquary, was born at Market Lavington, Wiltshire, in 1674, He en- tered Queens College, Oxford, in 1689; was admitted clerk in 1690: graduated in 1693; entered holy orders at Christmas, 1694; became chaplain of All-Souls' College in January following; fellow of the same in 1697; and chancellor of Norfolk and rector of Thorpe, near Nor-
TAXQUELMIANS
200
TAPPAN
•wich, in 1700. He was installed prebendary of Ely Sept. 10, 1713; archdeacon of Norfolk Dec. 7, 1721; canon of Christ Church Feb. 3, 1723; prolocutor of the House of Convocation in 1727; and was consecrated bishop of St. Asaph Jan. 23, 1732. He died at Christ Church, Oxford, Dec. 14, 1735. After his death ap- peared, X^otilia Monaslica, or an Acannit of all //if Ab- bei/s, Prio?-ies, etc., formerly in England and W'idcs, etc., with additions by the Kev. John Tanner (Lond. 1744, fol.; Camb. 1787, fol.) : — Bibliotheca Hritunnico- Hibei-- nica,sive de Sci'iptorihus, qui in Anf/lia,etc. (Lond. 1748, fol. ; 250 copies).
See Theolo(/isches Universal-Lexikon, s. v. ; Wetzer u. Welte, Kirchen-Lexikon, s. v.: Regensbiirger Conrersa- iions-Lexikon, s. v. ; Winer, Flandbuch der theolog. Lite- ratiir, i, 124; ii, 46, 797; Chalmers, Bio(j. Diet. s. v.; Hook, Eccles. Biog. s. v. ; AUibone, Diet, of Brit, and A mer. A uthors, s. v. On Adam Tanner, see also Wer- ner, Gesch, der kathol. TheoL seit dem trident. Coned. (Munich, 18GG), p. 7, 17, 25.
Tanquelmians. See TAscHt:LMiANs.
Taoists, Taoism. See Lao-tzu.
Tapers, Eaiu.y Use of. It became customary at an early period to burn tapers in churches on various occasions. This was done during the reading of the gospel, and is partly excused by Jerome. He says to Vigilantius, ''We do not light candles in open day, therefore you slander us without reason." He confesses, however, that some untaught laymen and simple relig- ious women, "of whom we may certainly say that they have a zeal of God without knowledge," do such a thing in honor of martyrs; but he asks. What is the harm? And then he refers to a custom prevalent in the East : "In all churches of the P>ast they light tapers, without any respect to the relics of martyrs, when the gospel is to be read, even when tlie sim shines brightly; which is done, not for the sake of giving light, but as an ex- pression of joy. Hence the virgins in the Gospel had their lamps lighted; and the apostles were warned to ' let their loins be girded about, and their lights burn- ing.' Hence it is said of John also, ' He was a burning and a shining light.' Also under the figure of a mate- rial light is represent- ed that light of which we read in the Psalter, 'Thy word is a lamp unto my feet, and a light unto my path.' " But the superstition spread, and daring the ceremonj' of baptism ta- pers were placed in the hands of the baptized, if adults; if they were infants, in the hands of the sponsors. These ta- pers were said to be em- blematical of the illu- minating power of the sacrament. Also at the eucharist we tind the same custom. Tapers were also used at mar- riages; and in funeral processions carried be- fore and behind the coffin. — Farrar, Eecles, Diet. s. v.
The altar tapers were used in those candle- sticks which are placed on or about the altar; ordinarily those which ^^ were lighted during the office of the Christian Aliar T;iper. sacritice. Custom in
the West expects that at least two be lighted, even at low celebrations; at high celebrations, in the Latin Church, as also in some ICnglish churches, six tapers are ordinarily lighted. They symbolize ( 1 ) the fact that our Saviour, "(iod of God, Light of Light, very God of very God," is the true Light of the world. Thev are also (2) syml)o!s ol'joy and glaihiess on the ])art of the faithful tliat Christ is born into the world (<() natu- rally, (i) sacramentally, i. e. in the eucharistic mystery. A seventh taper is added if the bishop of the diocese celebrates a solemn pontilical mass; even twelve or twenty-one are sometimes used.
Ta'phath (Ileb. Taphath', TSD, ornament; Sept. Tf^o^ V. r. Taipara; Vulg. Tapliet/i), Solomon's daugh- ter, and wife of Abinadab, his commissariat in the dis- trict of Dor (1 Kings iv, 1 1). B.C. cir. 1000.
Taph'nes (T«0i'«c)) a Griecized form (Judith i, 9) of the Egyptian city Taiipanuks (q. v.).
Ta'phon (>'/ Tt(f)Oj; Josephus, Toxoa or Toxoav; Vulg. Thopo ; Syr. Tefis), one of the cities in Judfea fortitied by Bacchides (1 IMacc. ix, 50). It is probably the I'.kth-Tai'pi'ah (q. v.) of the Old Test., which lay near Hebron, The form given by Josephus suggests Tekoa, but Grimm {Exeg. Ilandbuch) has pointed out that his equivalent for that name is Stjcws ; and there is, besides, too much unanimity among the versions to allow of its being acce|)ted. — Smith.