Tanclielmians. See Tanchelm.
Tanchum (of Jerusalem) ben-Josef, also called " i?. Tdwhiim Jerushalmi" of Ilaleb, flourished about A.D. 1265-80. The first who made Tanchum's name known to the learned world was the famous scholar Schnurrer, who in 1791 published cli. i-xii of Tanchum's Arabic commentary on Judges: R. Tanchumi Hieroso- lymitani ad Lihros V. T. Commentarii A rabid Specimen una aim Amintationibus ad aliquot Loca Libri Judicvm (Tubingen, 1791). Since that time his exegetical works have been brought to light, though notiiing of his life is known except that he must have lived shortly after the devastation of Palestine by the iMongolians, A.D. 1260. He wrote a commentary in Arabic on the whole Old Test., entitled ■]N"'abx 3XnD, i. e. The Book of Exposition, of which the following are still extant in ]MS. at the Bodleian Library: a. the commentary on the earlier prophets, i.e. Joshua, Judges, Samuel, and Kings (Cod.Pocock314); 6. commentaries on Jeremiah, Ezekiel and the minor prophets (Cod. Pocock 344); c. commen- taries on the five Megilloth (i. e. Song of Songs, Ruth, Lamentations. Ecclesiastes,and Esther) and Daniel (Cod. Pocock 820); d. mTJEribx nTrbx SXr2, i. e. The Haphtaroth, or Lessons from the Prophets, translated into Arabic (Cod. Hunt. 607). These commentaries are pre- ceded by elaborate introductions treating on the general import of Holy Writ. Besides the commentary on Lam- entations, "iXinbx axPD p mrp nsD n-i'r, which
has been edited by W. Cureton, Tanchumi Rierosohj- mitani Comm. A rnbicus in Lamentatiunes e Codice itnico Bodleiano Uteris llebraicis exarato. Descripsit Cha- ractere A rabico et edidit (Lond. 1843), the following por- tions have been published : i. Commentary on Joshua, edited by Haarbriicker, in the lVissensch<flliche Blatter aus der Veitel-IIeine-Kphi'aim'schen Lehranstalt (Berlin, 1862) ; ii. on Jiidr/es. in ])art by Schnurrer. ch. i-xii, and ch. xiii-xxi by Haarhrtickcr (Halle. 1S47); iii. on Sam- uel and Kiiif/s, by Haarbriicker (Leipsic, 1M44); iv. on //aballcuk; with a French translation by Dr. INIunk (Par- is, 1843, in Cahen's liible, vol. xiii). " K. Tanchum's contributions to liililical exegesis," says Dr. Ginsburg, "are very important to its history. His commentaries are based upon the literal and grammatical meaning of the text. He fre(|iicntly avails hinisclt'df tlie lal)ors of Hai Gaon, Danash ibu-Librat, Ibn-Cliajug, Ibn-Ganach, Ibn-P^zra, Maimonides, etc.; rejects the traditional in- terpretations (comp. comm. on Judg. xii, 7 ; xx, 28) ; transposes sundry portions of the sacred narratives, so as to point out their chronological order (comp. Judg. xviii, 1 ; XX, 28), and, like Maimonides, distinguishes different degrees and kinds of prophecy (comp. vi, 34; xiii, 1; XX, 28)." He also wrote an Airtbic Lexicon to the Mishna, entitled 'lEXrbx T::"irbx, i.e. A Suf- ficient Guide, treating on the relation of the language of the Mishna and of Maimonides' lad ha-Chazala. There are four different MSS. of this work in the Bod- leian Library, viz. Cod. Pocock 297, written by Saadia ben-Jacob in 1388; Cod. Hunt. 129, by Saadia" ben-Da- vid in 1451 ; Cod. Hunt. 621, by Solomo ben-David ben- Binjamin in 1393; and Cod. Pocock 215, 216. 229, writ- ten in 1449. He also wrote a Grammar of the Old- Test. Hebrew, quoted by Tanchum liimself, but which has not yet come to light. See De Kossi, Diziouario Storico (Germ, transl.), p. 145 S(].-, Kitto, Cyclop, s. v.; Ftirst, Bibl. Jud. ii, 56 sq. ; Steinschneidcr, Catuloyus Libr. Hebr. in Bibl Bodl. col. 2666-2669 ; Ewald, Bei- trdf/e zur Gesch. d. dltesten Ausleyung u. SpracherUd- 7-unff des A. Test. (Stuttgart, 1844), i, 151 sq. ; Griitz, Gesch, d. Juden (Leipsic, 1873), vii, 144 sq.; Etheridge, Introd. to Heb. Literature, p. 44 ; Keil, Introd. to the Old Test, ii, 384 sq. ; Bleek, Einleitinn/ in das A lie Test. p. 106 ; Goldziher, Stvdien iiber Tanchum Jeruschalmi (Leip- sic, 1870); Geiger, Jiidische Zeitschrift, 1862, p. 193; 1871, p. 199; Griitz, Monatssrhrift, 1870, p. 239, 285; Zuehold, Bibliotheca Theologica, ii, 1306. (B. P.)
Tanchuma ben-Abba, who flourished A.D. 380, is the reputed author of the celebrated commentarj- on the Pentateuch called X'Cinin f "i"n2, for which see the art. Midkasii. The latest edition is that published by E. Perlmutter (Stettin, 1864), See Fiirst, Bibl. Jud. iii, 409; Steinschneider, Catulogus Libr. llebr. in Bibl. Bodl. col. 2669; Griitz, Gesch. der Juden, iv, 458, 558; Wolf, Hibl. Hebr. i, 1159 sq. ; iii, 1166 sq. ; iv, 1035; Zunz, Gottesd. Vortrdge (Berlin, 1832), p. 226-238; De Kossi, Dizionario Storico (Germ, transl.), p. 307; id. .1 unalcs JJebra'o-typogiaphici, p. 24. (B. P.)
Tancred, Christopher, an English benefactor, was the son of Sir Kichard Tancred, and died unmar- ried in 1754, leaving his house and estate at Whixley for the maintenance of twelve decayed gentlemen who had borne arms in the service of their country. He also founded four medical exhibitions at Caius College; four in divinity at Christ's College, Cambridge; and four law studentships at Lincolns Inn, See Chalmers, Biog. Diet. s. V.
Tancred of Bologna was a most celebrated can- onist of the 13th century (who must not be confounded with another Tancred of Corneto; comp. De Savigny, Gesch. d. rom. Rechts im JIfitfelalter [2d ed.], v, 135, and p. 115, 116). His preceptbrs were Azo in Koman and Laurentius in canon law. In 1210 he was himself a teacher {deci-etorum magister) at Bulogna, and intrust- ed with the management of important affairs by both
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TANNER
the pope and the city. He belonged to the Chapter of Bologna, and in 12"2G was made archdeacon by Hono- rius III, which position then included among its duties the supervision of promotions in the universitj'. The year of his decease is not known, but it must have been prior to 1236. as the archdeaconate is then found to be in other hands (see Sarti, De Cleats A rchigymnasii Bo- mmiens. Professuribus, pars ii, fol. 28, 29, 36, 37, 181). His literary remains include a Summa de Mcitrimonio, written between 1210 and 1213; first published, with numerous interpolatit)ns, by Simon Scliard (Cologne, 1563), and again, in revised form, by Wunderlich (Gcit- tingen, 1841) : — an Ordn Jucliciafiiis {Ordiiiai-ius Tancre- di), written about 1214, and afterwards revised in 1225, 1234, and often by unknown scholars. It was formerly believed that this work originated in about 1227, but the earlier date is now accepted. An edition of the work in its original form was issued by Bergmann (ibid. 1842). Tancred's lectures at Bologna were, among other matters, upon the collections of decretals received into the curriculum of Bologna after the close of (Jratian's collection, and resulted in Apparatus, or commentaries, on the first three compilations. He had no part, how- ever, in the preparation of the fifth ancient compilation. In addition to the above, there is extant of Tancred's works a manuscript list of bishoprics tiiroughout the Church, arranged in the order of provinces (De Savigny, ut sup. p. 117, 118). See Herzog, Real-Encyklop. s. v.