VII. Character and Value of the Tair/nms in General, — There is nothing to indicate that the Targums were written at first with vowels. Biixtorf endeavored to correct the punctuation and bring it as near as possible to the standard of that in Daniel and Ezra, for which some censured him. though, we believe, unjustly. It is no reproach to his memory to say that he did not per- fect their vocalization. As there is at present no criti- cal text of the Targums, they can only be carefully em- ])loyed in the criticism of the Hebrew original, although they show the substantial integrity of the Masoretic text. They may be advantageously used in suggesting read- ings of some importance and value. Perhaps they are more useful in interpretation than the lower criticism. On the whole, Richard Simon's view of the Targums deserves to be noted here. In his Bist. Crit. Vet. Test. lib. ii, c. 18, he says, "Omnes istie paraphrases, praeter illam Onkelosi et Jonathanis. non magna? mihi utilitatis
TARNOCZY
217
TARQUINI
esse videntur, nee forsan multum e re fecit, illas curiose qiuesiisse. Nou quanta tamen multis existimatur, il- lariim utilitas: ex adverso JiuUei ex illisarma adversus Christianos depromuiit, sibi tiiigentes, nobis ipsorum su- perstitiones aniles et absurdas probari, quasi veteribus versionibusquibus conjiuiECuntur a nobis aequipararentur. Prieterea videntur Jiidaici ritns et cerimoni* iis magis quam fides Cliristiana conlirmari : ineerta itaquc et au- ce|is ex illis ducta contra Judaios victoria. (Juid (juod qu;B nostra} fidei faveiitia credimus, plcraque vene sunt allegoria;, quas non operosum verbis alio convertere; neque enim religio allegoriis probatur."
VIII. Litenifuie. — Since we have already mentioned under the different beads the special literature, we will here name the works on the Targumim in general. Here belong — besides the general introductions to the Old Test, of Eichhorn, Iliiveruick, De Wette, Bleek, Kaulen, and Kleiuert — Prideaux, Connection ( ed. Wheeler, Lond. 1805), ii, 443 sq. ; Walton, Pi-olerjomena (ed. Dathe); ^m\th, Diatriba de Chaldaicis Paraphrasibiis ; Wolf, Bibl. Jfebrcvn, ii, 1135-1191; iv, 730-7.34; Zunz, Bie go/tesd. Vortrdge der Jtiden (Berlin, 1832), p. 61-83; Gfrcirer, Dag Jakrhundert des Heils, i, 36-59 ; Fiirst, Li- terafnrblatt des Orients, 1840, Nos. 44-47 ; id. Bibl. Jud. ii, 105-107; iii,48; YrankcX, Einifjes zu den Targumim, in the Zeitschrift fiir die i-elicjivsen Interessen des Ju- denth. 1846, p. liO-120; Herzfeld, Gesch.d. Volkes Israel, iii, 61 sq., 551 sq.; Geiger, Urschrift titid Uebersetzunijen der Bibel, p. 162-167; Volck, s. v. "Thargumim," in Herzog's Keal-Encyklnp. xv, 672-683; Deutsch, s. v. " Targum," in Smith's Diet, of the Bible; Davidson, id. in Kitto's Cyclopcediu ; id. Biblical Criticism, i, 224 sq. ; Langen, Das Judenth. in Paldstina, p. 70-72, 209-218, 268 sq., 418 sq. ; Ncildeke, Die alttestamentliche Literatur, p. 255-262; Schurer, Lehrbach der neutestamentlichen Zeitgeschichte (Leips. 1874), p. 476 sq. The best lexi- con on the Targums is that of Levy, Chalddisches WiJr- terbuck liber die Targumim (ibid. 1867) ; the latest Ara- maean grammar is that of Lcrner, "VJS plHpT "ISO r^^lX (Warsaw, 1875). See Chaldee Language. (B. P.)
Tarnoczy, jMaxi:mii.ian von, a Roman Catholic ecclesiastic, was borji Oct. 24, 1800, at Schwaz, in Tyrol. Having graduated at the gymnasium at Innsbruck, he entered, in 1824, the clerical seminary at Salzburg, and received the first orders in 1829. He completed his studies at Vienna, and, after having been honored in 1832 with the theological doctorate, he was appointed professor of dogmatics at Salzburg. In 1844 he became a member of the Salzburg chapter, and from that time, being the trusty adviser of the cardinal and prince- archbishop Schwarzenberg, he took an active part in ecclesiastical affairs. When Schwarzenberg received the archbishopric of Prague in 1850, Tarnoczy was ap- pointed his successor at Salzburg, and was consecrated .'une 1, 1851, for that office. In his new position he laljored for twenty-five years, and his labors were ac- knowledged by Pius IX, who made him a member of the college of cardinals, Dec. 22, 1873. After a long ill- ness, Tarnoczy died at Salzburg, April 4, 1870. See the Literarischer Handweiser, 1876, p. 285. (B. P.)
Tarnov, Johann, a (ierman doctor and professor of theology, was born April 19, 1586, at (irevismlihlen, in Mecklenburg, and died Jan. 22, 1629, at Kostock, where he had lectured since 1614. He wrote: Decla- ratio eorum quce ad Dicti Esai. c. 45 i\ 8 Sensu Literali Inrestig. in Exercit. Biblic. (dlat<i sunt (Kostock, 1621) : — Exercitt. Biblic. Libri IV in qnibits Verus et Genuin. Sensus Locorvm Sacrornm Multorum Inquiritur ac De- fenditur (2d ed. ibid. 1621, and often) -.—In Threnos .Jere- mim Commmt. (Hamburg. 1707): — In Prophetas Mino- res Comm. (Leipsic, 1688, 1706) : — In Prophetam, Haggm- um Comm. (Rostock, 1624) -.—In Prophetam Malachiam Comm.. (ibid. 1624) : — Comment, in Epistol. Pauli ad Ephes., Philipp., Coloss., et Thessal. (ibid. 1636). See Winer, Handbuch der theol. Literatur, i, 188, 220, 222,
253; Fiirst, Bibl. .lud. iii, 411; Diestel, Geschichte des Alten Testaments, p. 399, 456. (B. P.)
Tarnov, Paul, a German doctor and professor of theology, uncle of .lnhann. was born April 29, 1562, at (irevismiihlen, and tiled at Rostock, March 6, 1633. He is the author of. In .loann. Evang. Commentarius (Ros- tock, I62i)):— Libri III de Conj'ugio (ibid. \6U) -.—De /Sacros. Jllinisterio Libri III (ibid. 1623). See Winer, Handbuch der theol. Literatur, i, 248, 460, 464; ii, 797. (B. P.)
Tar'pelite (Chald. only in the plur. emphat. Tar- pclayv', N'^bsi^; Sept.T(ip^a\a7o( v. r. Top^aWrttoi ; Vulg. Thurphalfei), the Aramsean designation of a race of colonists who were planted in the cities of Samaria after the captivity of the northern kingdom of Israel (Ezra iv, 9). .Junius and others have found a kind of resemblance in name to the Tarpelites in the Tapyri (TaTTovpoi, Ptolemy, vi, 2, 6; Arrian, Alex, iii, 8, 7; ToTTupoi, Strabo, xi, 511, 515, 520, 523), a tribe of Media who dwelt eastward of Eh'mais, but the resemblance is scarcely more than apparent. Others, with as little probability, have sought to recognise the Tarpelites iu the Tarpetes (TopTr/JreC; Strabo, xi, 495), a Ma^otic race. In the Peshito-Syriac the resemblance is greater, for they are there called Tarpoye. Fiirst (llandirb. s. v.) says in no case can Tarpd, the country of the Tarpelites, be the PhcBuician Tripolis; although Schwarz (Palest. p. 62) assumes this.