Tarphon, or Ti-yphon, a Jewish rabbi of the 2(1 century A.D., belonged to a sacerdotal family. He was a friend and contemporary of rabbi Akiba, and for some time rector of the school at Lydda. He was noted as a bitter enemy of Christianity, and declared that, al- though the gospels and the other writings of the "Min- im," or Christians, contained the sacred name of the Deity, they ought to be burned; that heathenism was less dangerous than Christianity: that heathens of- fended from ignorance, while Christians did so with full knowledge; and that he would prefer seeking shelter in a heathen temple rather than in a meeting-place of the Minim (Talm. Shdibath, fol. 116, col. 1). This, his animosit}- against Christianity, induced some, as Light- foot, Carpzov, and others, to maintain that rabbi Tar- jihon is the same Trypho who is the interlocutor in Justin Martyr's Dialogue, an opinion which probably owes its origin to Eusebius (Eccl. Hist, iv, 18), but which has little or no probability in its defence. In the Pirke Aboth, ii, 20 sq., we have the recorded max- im of this sage: "The day is short, the labor vast; but the laborers are slothful, though the reward is great, and the blaster presseth for despatch. It is not incumbent upon thee to complete the work, and yet thou art not at liberty to be idle about it. If thou hast studied the law much, great reward will be given thee; for faithful is thy employer, who will award to thee the hire of thy labor, and be aware that the award of the righteous will be in the future which is to come." See Basnage, Histoire des Juifs (Taylor's Eng. transl.), p. 524; De Rossi, Dizionario Storico degli Autori Ebrei (Hamburger's Germ, transl.), p. 32 1 , s. v. " Trj'fon ;" Eth- eridge. Introduction to Hebrew Litc?-atui-e, p. 65 ; Fried- liinder, Patristische und talmudische Studien (Vienna, 1878), p. 136 sq., 147 ; Fiirst, Bibl. .Jud. iii, 449. (B. P.)
Tarquini, Cajitllo, an Italian Jesuit, was born Sept. 27, 1810, at Marta, near Montefiascone. He be- longed to a noble family and studied at Rome. In 1837 he joined the Society of Jesus. From 18,50 he was pro- fessor of canon law at the Collegium Romanum, and was one of the editors of the Civilfd Cattolica. Besides a number of monographs, he pid)lished Juris Ecclesiastici PuUici Institutiones (Rome, 1862; 3d ed. 1873). He also wrote a grammar and lexicon on the ancient Etrus- can language, which he left in manuscript. In 1873 he was made cardinal-deacon, and died Feb. 15, 1874. Tarquini was the first cardinal who, since 1713, was ap-
TARRAGONA, COUNCILS OF 218
TARSHISTI
pointed from tlie members of the Society of Jesus. See tlic lAtcruriscktr JJandweistr, 18G3, p. 182; 187-1. p. 176. (13. 1'.)
Tarragona, Councils of. These two councils were so calleti because tliey were held in the city of that name in Spain. This city (anciently Tcirraco), capital of the province of the same name, is situated at the mouth of the Francoli, has a p()inilation of about 18.000, is the seat of an archbishop, and, besides other schools i)f learning;, has an ecclesiastical seminary.
I. The Jirst cuinicil of Tarragona was held in 516, during the reign of Theodoric, king of Italy, and guar- dian of Amalric, king of Spain. Ten bishops were pres- ent, and thirteen canons published.
.S. Forbids usury nmong clerks.
4. Forbids bishops, priests, and clerks to judL'e any cause on Sundays; allows tliein to do so on other dajs, provided they do not interfere in criminal cases.
T. Directs that the priest or deacon a|)pointed to any country parish shall remain tliere during his week (i. e. that the priest shall remain there one week, and then the deacon shall succeed him aud keep his week) in order to celebrate divine service with the clerks ; and that on. Sat- urdaij all the clergy shall attend in order to liegin the Sunday office. It also orders that matins and vespers shall be said daily.
11. Forbids monks to leave their convent in order to perform any clerical function without leave from their su- perior. See Mansi, Cone, iv, 1502.
II. The second council was held in 1242, by Peter the archbishop, against the Waldenses in Aragon. Part only of the acts remain. See Mansi, Cone, xi, 592. — Landon, Manual of Councils, s. v.
Tar'shish (Heb. 'U"'r-iri, TursMsh', suhlued [Ge- sen.] or established [Fiirst] ; Sept. QaptjuQ [but Kap- ■)(}]Cmv in Isa. xxiii; Kap-)(i)^6vioi in Ezek. ; Sri'i'Kanaa in Isa. ii, 16]; Yulg. usually Tharsis; A. V. "Tharshish," 1 Kings X, 22; xxii, 48; 1 Chron. vii, 10; once Heb. iTw^'i"~iri, Tarshishdh' , 1 Chron. i, 7), the name of three men, of a countrj^ and of a gem.
1. Second-named of the four sons of .Tavan, the son of Japhcth (Gen. x, 4; 1 Chron. i, 7). B.C. post 2514. He may have been the founder of the city noticed be- low. See Ethnology.
2. Si.Kth-named of the seven sons of Bilhar, the grandson of Benjamin (1 Chron. vii. 10). B.C. post 1875.
3. Fourth-named of the seven '"princes" of Persia in the time of Artaxerxes (Esth. i, 14). B.C. 483. As a Persian name the word stands in relation with Teresh (ii, 21 ; vi, 2), and with Tirshallui ; all probably from the root toish, severe (Gesenius, Thesavr. s. v.).