or goats; but only twofold in case the living animal was restored. But the statute likewise inchulcd the stealing of inanimate articles, as silver and gold (Jose- phus, .4 m/. iv, 8, 27). The prominence given to the for- mer kind of theft is explainable on the ground of the pastoral character of the Hebrews (comp. .Justin, ii, 2; Walther, Gesch. d. rOm. Rechts, p. 807 ; Sachs. Criminal- Codex, art. 226 ; SlarezoU, Criminal-Codex, \i. 388). Any other kind of jiroperty might easily be found and recov- ered, and hence its theft was punished by its simple restoration, with a fifth part of the value ailded for loss of use (Lev. v, 22 sq. ; vi, 3 sq.). Babbinical legislation on this point may be seen in the IMishna (Baba Metsiah, ii). From Prov. vi, 30, Jlichaelis infers a sevenfold res- titution in Solomon's time, but the passage prol)ably speaks only in round numbers. On the ancient (ireek laws, see Potter, Antiq. i, 364 sq. ; and on tliat of the twelve tables, Adam, /icim. .1;;/*!^. i, 426; Abegg, Straf- rechtsiviss. p. 449; or generally Gellius, xi, 18; on that of the modern Arabs, see Wellsted, Travels, i, 287 ; on the Talmudic, see Otho, Lex. Rahb. p. 253. The Rab- binical interpretations of the law are given in the Mish- na, Baba Kamina, vii sq. If the burglar suffered a fa- tal wound in the act by night, the act was regarded as a juslilialile homicide (Exod. xxii, 2). So likewise in So- lon's laws (Demosth. Timocr. p. 736) and among the an- cient Bomans (Heinecc. Antiq. Jur. Rom. IV, i, 3, 499), as well as Germans (Hanke, Gesch. d. deutsch. peinl. Rechts, \).i)'.\). Kidnapping { play ium) of a free Israelite was a capital crime (Exod. xxi, 16 ; Deut. xxiv, 7), pun- ishable with strangulation (Sanhedr. xi, 1) ; and was an act to which a long line of defenceless sea-coast like Pal- estine was peculiarly liable from piracy. A similar pen- alty i>revailed among the ancient Greeks (Xenoph. Me- mo?: i, 2, 62 ; Demosth. Philipp. p. 53) and Komans af- ter Constantine (see Marezoll, Criminalrecht, p. 370; Keim, Criminulr. d. Rom. p. 390); comp. Philo, 0pp. ii, 338. See generally Michaelis, Mos. Recht, vi, 66 sq., 83 sq.— Winer. See Steal.
THEFT, CiiiusTiAN Treatment of. In the early Church theft was reckoned among the great crimes which brought inen under public penance. Among St. Ilasil's canons there is one that particularly specifies the time of penance. The thief, if he discover himself, shall do one year's penance ; if he be discovered by oth- ers, two: half the time as a prost-rator, the other half a costander. — l^\\\g\\SiXn,Christ. Antiq. bk.xvi,ch. xii,§ 4.
Theile, Carl Gottfried WilIielm, doctor and pro- fessor of theology, was born at (irosscorbetha, near iMer- seburg, Feb. 25, 1799, and died at Leipsic, Oct. 8, 1853. He wrote, De Trium Ertntiiilinrum Necessitudine (Lips. 1823) : — Notitia Novi Coiniin iiiurii in Novum Testamen- tum (ibid. 1829): — Tabula: U<rum Doymaticarum Com- pendiaricB (ibid. 1830): — Christus vnd die Vermmft (ibid. 1830) : — Commentarius in Epistolam Jacobi (ibid. 1839): — Zur Bioyraphie .Tesu (ibid. 1837) : — Thesaurus LiteraturcB Theoloyicm A cademicce, sive Recensus Disser- tatiomnn, etc. (ibitl. 1840): — Pro Confessionis Reliyione adversus Confessionum Theoloyiam (ibid. 1850). Be- sides the above, he edited, together with K. Stier, Poly- ylotten-Bibel zum Handyebrauch (Bielefeld, 1854, and often, 0 vols.) ; he also edited Van der Hooght's Hebrew Bible (Leips. 1849, and often), together with Explicatio Epicriseon Masorethicai-um ; Conspectus Lectionum, etc. This is one of the best eiiitions of the Hebrew Bible. He also puljlished. Novum Testamentum, Grwc.e et Ger- manice (ibid. 1852, and often); and Novum Testamen- tum Gni'ce, ex recognitione Knapii emendatins edidit argumcntorumque notationes locos parallelos annotatio- nem criticam et indices adjecit (7th ed. ibid. 1858; 11th ed. ibid. 1875, by Oscar von Gebhardt). See Fiirst, /)'/i/. ./nil. iii, 419 ; Winer, Handbuch der theoloy. Litera- tur, i. 85, 237, 302, 552; ii, 809; Znchold, Bibl. Theol. ii, 1320 sq. ; Schiirer, Theoloy. Literaturzeituny, 1876, p.lsq. (B.P.)
Theiner, Augustin, a Roman Catholic divine,
THEINER
315
THEISM
was born April 11, 1804, at Rrcslau, in Silesia. He first studied theology, arterwards philosophy and jurispru- dence, and at Halle, in 1829, was made doctor ((/;/- usque Jtnis. For several years lie coUeetod material at the libraries of Vienna, Paris, and London for canonical disquisitions. Shortly before his promotion he pub- lished, together with his brother Johann Anton (q. v.), JJie Emjuhrung der erzwungenen Ehelosii/keit hei den christlichen Geisflichen und ihi'e Foli/en (Altenburg, 1828, 2 vols.) ; but he soon perceived his errors, and went to Kome, where he entered the Congregation of St. Philip Neri, and received holy orders. He remained in Kome, and in 1855 Pius IX appointed him pnefect of the Vatican archives. In 1870 he retired from liis office, and died Aug. 10, 1874. Of his many writings we mention, Cninmentatio de Romanorum J'onrijicum Episto- hirum iJecreialium Aniiqnis CoHevtiviiihiis et de Greyorii IX P. M. Decretalinm CoJice (Lips. l.S2i)) :— /t'ec/icrc/ies siu'pliisieurs CoUeclions Inedites de iJiicretales du Moyen- d(/e (Paris, 1833) : — Geschickte der geistlichen BUdunys- unstalten ( 1835 ) : — Cardinal Frankeiiberf/ und seiti Kampffur die Kirche (Freiburg, 1850) : — Zustdiide der kiit/iul. Kirche in Schksien von 1740 bis 1758 (Katisbon, 1852, 2 vols.): — Geachichte des Pontijicuts Clemens XIV (Paris, 1853, 2 vols.): — Vetera Alunumenta Historica Hunguriani Sacram Illustrantia (Kome, 1859, 18G0, 2 vols.): — Vett. Momun. Pvlonice et Lithuanice Geniiumque. Finiliniariim Historiuin Illustrantia (ibid. 18C0-63, 3 vols.): — Vett. Monum. Slavormn Meridiunulium llis- tor. Illustr. (18G3) : — Codex Dominii Temporalis Sanctm Sedis (1861 sq., 3 vols.). He also published a new edi- tion of the Annals of Baronius, and worked assiduously upon the continuation of this gigantic work. See Wi- ner, lldudhuch der theolor/. Literatur, i, 603, 828; ii, 5, 800; Zuchold, Bibl. Tkeol. ii, 1323 sii. ; Theolor/. Uni- versal-Lex. s. v.; Regenshurger Real- Encyklop. s. v.; Literarischer Handweiser fur das kathol. Veutschland, 1864, p. 148 sq. ; 1874. p. 303 sq. (B. P.)