/Cx T reached the I'illars of Hercules is not sup- \'^^\ " ported by other evidence. It is probable l-*^ " that at the close of his reign he found the I ^ / K Assyrians too powerful, and retired to his ^^■"^ Etiiiopian dominions. — Smith ; Fairbairu. Hieroglyphic See Wilkinson, Anc. Egypt, i, 140 sq. ;
Cartoucli Bmn-gch, Hist, of Eaypt, ii, 256 sq. See ofTirhakiih. ., ^ ' j jyt i i ^
Ltiuopia.
Tirha'nah [many Tir'hanah'\ (Heb. Tirchanah', n3n"^ri, y'ffror; Sept. Oapx"''« v. r. Bapwju ; Vulg. Thunina), second named of the four sons of Caleb the Hezronite by his concubine Maachah (I Cliron. ii, 48). B.C. apparently cir. 1GI8.
Tir'ia (Heb. Tireya', N^'I'^n, /ra?-; Sept. Tipid V. r. 8j/p(«'; Vulg. Thirui), third named of tbe four sons of Jehaleleel of the tribe of Judab (1 Chron. iv, 16). B.C. apparently cir. 1618.
Tirinus, Jacob, a Jesuit, was born at Antwerp in the j'ear 1580. In IGOO he entered the Order of the Jesuits, was appointed professor of exegesis, superior of the Dutch Mission, and died July 14, 1636. He pub- lished, Biblia Magna, cum Commen/ariis Gagneri, Estii, MenocMi, et Tiriid (Paris, 1643, 5 vols, fol.) : — Commen- tarius in Sacram Scripturam, mm Chronica Sacro ac Prolegomenis de A niiquis Ponderibus et Monetin ac de Mensuris deque Chnrogj-aphia. Terrm Sanctce ( Antw. 1 632, 3 vols, fob; 1645, fol.; Lyons, 1664; Venice, 1688; Augsliurg, 1704). See Winer, Ifandb. der theol. Litera- tur,\, 18t;, 188; ii,804; FUrst, jE-'iW. JwtZ. iii, 432; Theol. Unirersal-Lex. s. v. (B. P.)
Tirones (tievdy levied i-ecruits), a name sometimes given to catechumens (q. v.).
TironesiaiLS, or Congregation of Tiron. This order of monks was founded at Tiron, near Poitiers, in 1 109, by Bernard d'Abbeville. See 1?i:i{nak1) oe Tiron. Tbe tirst monastery was abandoned in 1 1 14, and another built on the river Tiron. It was soon filled with monks, and before long the order had under its control sixty- five abbeys and priories and eleven parishes. Bernard required the strictest observance of the Benedictine rule ; and so great was the self-denial of the monks that at tiines they were hardly supplied with tbe necessaries of life, one loaf of bread being deemed sufficient for the daily portion of four men. Notwithstanding these au- sterities, the number increased in three years to five hun- dred, and the fame of Bernard's sanctity had spread to foreign countries. Henry I of England sent the monas- tery an annuity of fifteen marks of silver in perpetuity, besides 560 marks yearly during his life, and built a magnilicent dormitory. The king of France gave to it all the territory of Savigny. Tliibaud de Blois present- ed it with two priories, and built for it an infirmary. Money and otlier valuable gifts were offered at its shrine, and at the death of its founder, in 1116, it was in a most flourishing condition. At the time of its greatest prosperity there were under its control eleven abbeys, forty-four priories, and twenty -nine parishes.
scattered over France, England, and Scotland. In 1629' the Abbey of Tiron was added to tlie possessions of the Congregation of St. Maur, and from that time the Ti- ronesians ceased to exist as a separate organization. See Helyot, Ordres Religieux, iii, 674.
Tirosh. See Wine.
Tirsch, Leopold, a German scholar, apparently of Jewish extraction, who lived in the 18th century, is the author of IHsnet-tatio de Characterum A ntiquarum apud Hebrceos ante Esdrum Usu (Prague, 1759): — Fun- damenta Linguce Sanctce (ibid. 1766): — Iland-Lexikon der jiidisch-teiitschen Sprache, etc. (ibid. 1773): — Dis- sertatio de Tabernaculorum Feriix, jnvut oliin a Judcsis gestce sunt, hodieque aguntur (ibid. 1773) : — Dissertatio an Lingua Nebraica Omnium Antiquissimn Primoque Habenda, etc. (ibid. 1773): — Grammatica Hehr.; acce- dit Syllabus Vocum Irregul. S. S. Ordine Alphab. (ibid. 1784). See Fiirst, BibL.Tud. iii, 432; Steinschneider, Bibliogr. llandb. s. v. (B. P.)
Tirsha'tha [most Tir'shtitha] (Heb. always with the article, hat-Tirshath a', ar'^i'^Piil ; hence the Sept. gives tbe word ' ABepaaa^d [v. r. 'ABep<TaS)ci]. Ezra ii, 63; Neh. vii, 65, and ' Aprapaao^d, Neb. x, 1; Vulg. A theisatha), the title of the governor of Jud;ea under the Persians, derived by (iesenius from the Persian root fo?-s/i, signifying "stern," '"severe." He compares the title Gesti-enger //cr?-, formerly given to the magistrates of the free and imperial cities of Germany (comp. also our expression, " most dread sovereign"). It is added as a title after the name of Nehem'iah ( viii, 9 ; x, 1 [Heb. 2]); and occurs also in three other places (Ezra ii. 63, and the repetition of that accoimt in Neh. vii, 65-70), where probably it is intended to denote Zerub- babcl, who had held the office before Nebemiah. In tbe margin of the A. V. (Ezra ii, 63; Neh. vii, 65; x, 1) it is rentiered "governor;" an explanation justified by Neh. xii, 26, where "Nehemiah the governor," nnsfl (Pechdh, probably from the same root as the word we write 7;rtc/(«, or pasha), occurs instead of the more usual expression "Nebemiah theTirshatha." This word, tnHS, is twice applied by Nebemiah to himself (v, 14, 18), and by the prophet Haggai (i, 1; ii,2,21) to Zerubbabel. Ac- cording to Gesenius, it denotes the pra^fect or governor of a province of less extent than a satrapy. The word is used of officers and governors imder the Assyrian (2 Kings xviii, 24; Isa. xxxvi, 9), Babylonian (Jer. Ii, 57; Ezek. xxiii, 6, 23; see also Ezra v, 3, 14; vi, 7; Dan. iii, 2, 3, 27; vi, 7 [Heb. 8]), Median (,Ter. Ii, 28), and Persian (Esth. viii, 9; ix, 3) monarchies. Under this last we find it applied to tbe rulers of the provinces bor- dered by the Euphrates (Ezra viii, 36; Neh. ii, 7, 9; iii, 7), and to the governors of JudiBa, Zerubbabel and Nebemiah (comp. Mai. i, 8). It is found also at an earlier period in the times of Solomon (1 Kings x, 15; 2 Chron. ix, 14) and Benhadad king of Syria (1 Kings xx, 24), from which last place, compared with others (2 Kings xviii, 24; Isa. xxxvi, 9), we find that military commands were often held by these governors; the word, indeed, is often rendered b}' the A. V., either in the text or the margin, "captain." By thus briefly ex- amining the sense of Pechdh, wliich (though of course a much more general and less distinctive word) is given as an equivalent to Tirshathd. we have no difficulty in forming an opinion as to the general notion implied in it. AVe have, however, no sufficient information to enable us to explain in detail in what consisted the special peculi- arities in honor or functions that distinguished the Tir- shatha from others of the same class, governors, caiitaius, princes, rulers of provinces, — Smith. See Governor.