it becomes the place prepared for "the King," at the sound of whose fall the nations are to shake (Ezek. xxxi, IG) ; and as Paradise and Eden passed into Baby- lon, so Tophet and Ben Hinnom pass into Gehenna and the lake of fire. These scenes seem to have taken hold of Milton's mind ; for three times over, within fifty lines, he refers to " the opprobrious hill," the " hill of scandal," the " offensive mountain," and speaks of Solomon mak- ing his grove in
"The pleasant valley of Hinnom, Tophet thence And black Gehenna called, the type of hell." See Gehenna.
The name Tophet was commonly supposed to be de- rived from tdph, or drum, from the drums used to drown the cries of the children when made to pass through the fire to Moloch. This was a received Jewish opinion. But there are other derivations ; that, for example, of Jerome, who from the root to open (Dns) ascribes to it the sense of latitude ; of RosenmUller, who connects it with a different root (MS"^), and takes it to mean pleas- antness ; of Gesenius, who, from a Persian root, finds the sense of injlaminff, burning ; of Rodiger (in Gesen. The- saur. s. v.), who takes it in the sense of filth, a view sub- stantially concurred in by Bottcher, Hitzig, and Thenius, though derived in a different manner. This is, perhaps, the most probable opinion, as it seems, also, the most di- rectly applicable to the place. See Bottcher, De Inferis, i, 80,'85; Panecius, i)e Topheth (Viteb. 1694).
Tophet lay somewhere east or south-east of Jerusa- lem, for Jeremiah went out by the sun-gate, or east gate, to go to it (xix, 2). It was in "the valley of the son of Hinnom" (vii, 31), which is " by the entry of the east gate" (xix, 2). Thus it was not identical with Hinnom. as some have written, except in the sense in which Par- adise is identical with Eden, the one being part of the other. It was in Hinnom, and was, perhaps, one of its chief groves or gardens. It seems also to have been part of the king's gardens, and watered by Siloam, per- haps a little to the south of the present Birket el-Ham- ra. The New Test, does not refer to it, nor the Apocrj"- pha, nor yet Josephus. Jerome is the first who notices it; but we can see that by his time the name had dis- appeared, for he discusses it very much as a modern commentator would do, only mentioning a green and fruitful spot in Hinnom, watered by Siloam, where he assumes it was : " Delubrum Baal, nemus ac lucus, Siloe fontibns irrigatus" {in Jer. vii). Eusebius, in his Ono- masticon, under the word Qa(peSf, says, " In the suburbs of Ailah is still shown the place so called, to which is adja- cent the fuller's pool and the potter's field, or the parcel of ground Acheldamach." Many of the old travellers (see Felix Fabri, i,391) refer to Tophet, or Toph, as thej' call it; but they give no information as to the locality. Every vestige of Tophet, name and grove, is gone, and we can only guess at the spot; yet the references of Scripture and the present features of the locality enable us to make the guess with the same tolerable nearness as we do in the case of Gethsemane or Scopus.— Kitto ; Smith , Fairbairn. For an account of the modern as- pect of the place, see Robinson, Researches, i. 2D2 sq. ; Kitto, Physical History of Palestine, p. 122 sq. See Jerusalem.
Toplady, Augustus Montague, an English cler- gyman, was born at Farnham. Surrey, Nov. 4, 1740, and received his rudimentary education at Westminster School. It being necessary for his mother to visit Ire- land to pursue some claims to an estate, he accompanied her there, and was entered at Trinity College, Dublin, from which he graduated. He received orders June 6, 1762. and, after some time, was inducted into the living of Broadhembury, Devonshire; but on account of his health settled in London in 1775, where he officiated in the chapel of the French Calvinists, Leicester Fields. He died Aug. 11, 1778, and, agreeably to his own re- quest, Avas buried in Tottenham Court Chapel. The fame of Mr. Toplady rests chiefly upon his controversial
TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 490 TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS
writings against the Methodists, and a few hymns. Against Wesley he may be said to iiave ha<l a confirm- ed antipathy, and emjiloyed ridicule as well as argument in opposing iiis o|)inions and conduct. He published, The JJorlriiie of' A lisuln/e Predesli/iiitian Stated and A s- serted (Loud. 17(!it; N. Y. 1773; later editions): — Letter to Iter. John HV.SA7/ ( 1770) :— J/mc Work for Iter. •Uthn Wedeij (1772, 8vo): — Historic Proof of the Doc- trinal Ciilrinism of the Church of England (1774, 2 vols. 8vo) : — The Scheme of Christian and Philosophictd Necessilif .Asserted (1775, 8vo), in opposition to John Wesley's Tract on that subject : — Collection of Hymns for Public and Prirate Worship (1776, 1787, Tiino) : — Dy- ing .■\roir(d (177iS), etc. He was for some j-ears editor of The Gospel Mafjazine. His works were published after his death by his executor (1783, 8vo), with an en- larged Memoir (1825, G vols. 8vo). One of his most cel- ebrated hymns is —