B. Water.
I. Flowing (including the valley or bed through which it courses) ;'of these the first two are the most general and distinctively descriptive.
1. Nahdr (Tn3), a perennial river (as almost always ren- dered in the A. V.), the Arab, nahr ; used generally in the poetical books of watercourses and of the sea (Job xiv, 11; XX, 17; xxii, 16; xxviii, 11; xl,23; Psa. xxiv, 2; xlvi, 4 ; Ixxviii, 16 ; xciii, 3 ; xcviii, 8; cv, 41 ; cvii, .33 ; Cant, viii, 7: Isa. xviii, 2, 7; xxxiii, 21 ; xli, IS; xiii, 15; xliii, 2, 19, 20; 1,2; lvi,12); also a stream of fire (Dan. vii, 10) ; and s])ecifically to some of the great rivers of Mesopotamia andEL'ypt (Gen. ii, 10, 13, 14; xv, IS; Exod. vii, 9; viii, 5 ; 2 Kings V, 12; xvii, 6; xviii, 11 ; 1 Chron. v, 26; Ezra viii, 15, 21,^31, 36 ; Lsa. xviii, 1 ; xix, 5, 6 : Jer. xlvi, 7, 8 ; Ezek. i, 1, 3 : iii, 15, 23 ; x, 15, 20, 22 ; xxxii, 2, 14 ; xliii, 3 ; Dan. X, 4; Zeph. iii, 10), especially the Euphrates (Isa. vii, 20; Jer. ii, 18; Mic. vi, 1, 12; Zech. ix, l(i), or that in connec- tion with theTigris(Aram-Naharaim,Gen. xxiv, 10; Deut. xxiii, 4; Judg. iii, 8; Psa. Ix, title; 1 Chron. xix, 6), but never the Jordan (unless, perhaps, thai or the Dead Sea be intended in Psa. Ivi, 0; Ixxiv, 15; Hah. iii, 8, 9); and with the art. it specifically designaies the Euphrates, either alone (Gen. xxxi, 21 ; xxxvi, 37 ; Exod. xxiii, 31; Numb, xxii, 5 ; xxiv, 6; Josh, xxiv, 2, 3, 14, 15 ; 2 Sam. x, 16; 1 Kings iv, 21,24; xiv, 15; 1 Chron. i, 48; xix, 16; 2 Chron. ix,"26; Neh. ii, 7, 9 ; iii, 7; Psa. Ixxii.S; Ixxx, 11 ; Isa. viii, 7; xi, 15; xxvii, 12; xlviii, IS; lix, 19; and so in the phrase in Ezra, "beyond the river") or with the name added (Gen. ii, 14; xv, 18; Deut. i, 7; xi, 24; Josh, i, 4; 2 Sam. viii, 3; 2 Kings xxiii, 29; xxiv, 7; 1 Chron. v, 9; xviii, 3; Jer. xlvi, 2, 6, 10) ; while iu the plural it appar- ently denotes the canals or branches of the same river (Psa. Ixxxix, 25 ; cxxxvii, 1 ; Isa. xliv, 27 ; xlvii, 2 ; Ezek. xxxi, 4, 15: Nab. i, 4; ii, 6).
The following are the terms which, in the imagery of the East, are applied to the various parts of a river : Ydd (Ti), a"hand" or sWe, either right or left (Numb, xiii, 29 ; Deut. ii, 37 ; Judg. xi, 20) ; Saphah (HSb), a " lip" or brink of a river or of the sea (Gen. xxii, 17 ; xli, 3, 17; Exod. ii,3; vii, 15; xiv, 30 ; Deut. ii, 30; iv, 48; Josh, xi, 4; xii, 2; xiii, 9, 16: Judg. vii, 12, 22 ; 1 Sam. xiii, 5; 1 Kings iv, 29; ix, 26: 2 Kings ii, 13 ; 2 Chron. viii, 17; Ezek. xlvii, 0, 7, 12; Dan. xii, 5; and so of the molten sea of Solomon's Temple, 1 Kings vii, 23, 26; 2 Chron. iv, 2); Lashoa ('pCs), a "tongue" or bay (Josh, xv, 2, 5; xviii, 19 ; Isa. xi, 15) ; Gediith (mS), banks (of the Jordan, Josh, iii, 15; iv, IS; 1 Chron. xii, 15; or of the Euphrates, Isa. viii, 7) ; Katseh (Ti'^p), the extreme limit or end (1 Sam. xiv, 27). whether of a river (Josh, xv, 5: xviii, 19), of the water (iii, S, 1.5), or of a lake (Numb, xxxiv, 3 ; Josh, xv, 2), aud so of a country (Gen. xlvii, 21; Exod. xiii, 20;
TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 492 TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS
Nnmb. xxxiii, 37), a mountain (Exod. six, 12; Josh, xviii, IG), and a town (ver. 15; 1 Sara, xiv, 2) ; Maabiir O'ZV'O) or Mabardh (rT^SSp), a ford (as of the Jordan, Josli. ii, T ; Jiid^. iii, IS ; xii, 5, 6 ; the Jabbok, Gen. xxxii, 22 ; or tlie Ariioi), Isa. xvi, 2), and so a pass between hills (at Michmush, 1 Sam. xiii, 23; xiv, 4; Isa. x, 29; Jer. li, 32).
2. Ndchal (SHS), a brook or summer watercourse, the Arabic wai///, signifying both the stream and the torrent- hiiiX or vallev (translated veiy variously in the A. V., "broolj," " valley," "river," "stream," etc.); it is applied to the following places: the toireiit, of Gerar (Gen. xxvi, IT; 1 Sam. XV, 5), of Kshcol (Nmnb. xiii, 23, 24; xxxii, 9), of Zeied (Ni\inb. xxi,12; Dent, ii, 13; perhaps Isa. xv, 7 ; Amos vi, 14), the Arnon (Numb, xxi, 14 ; Deut. ii, 24 ; iii, 8), of Jabbok (Gen. xxxii, 2)! ; Dent, ii, 37), of Kanah (Josh. xvi, S\ of Kislion (Judg. iv, 7; 1 Kings xviii, 40; P.sa. Ixxxiii, 9 ; probably Josh, xix, 11), of Besor (1 Sam. xxx, 9), of Sorek (Jndg. xvi, 4), of Ivedron (2 Sam. xv, 23; 1 Kings ii, 37; Jer. xxxi, in), of Gaash (2 Sam. xxiii, 30; 1 Chron. xi, ."li), of Cherilh (1 I\ings xvii,3; perhaps 2 Sam. xxiv, 5), of Egypt (the Wady el-Arish, Numb, xxxiv, 5; Josh. XV, 4; 1 Kiugs viii, 65; Isa. xxxvii, 12), of Shittim (Joel iii, IS).