10. .irahdh (ilS"!"), a desert as such, eiiher generally ("wilderness," "desert," or " plain," Job xxiv, 5; xxxix, 6; Isa. xxxiii, 9; xxxv, 1, 6; xl, 3; xli, 19; Ii, 3; Jer. ii, 0; v, 6; xvii, 6; 1,12; Ii, 43: Amos vi, 14; Zecli. xiv, 10), or specifically (technically, with the art.) tlic Arabah ("des- ert," E/.ek. xl vii, 8; "plain," Deut. i, 1, 7; ii, S; iii, 17; iv, 49 ; Josh, iii, 16; viii, 14: xi, 16 : xii, 1,3; 1 Sam. xxiii, 24; 2 Sam. ii, 29 ; iv, 7 ; 2 Kings xiv, 25 ; xxv, 4 ; Jer. xxxix, 4; Iii, 7; "plains," Josh. xi, 2 ; xii, 8; " champaign," Dent, xi, 30; "Arabah," Josh, xviii, IS; " Beth - arabah," xv, 6), or (in the phir. without the art.) ihe Gliur or "the plains' (2 Sam. xv, 28 ; xvii, 10) of Moab (Numb, xxii, 1 ; xxvi, 3, 63 ; xxxi, 12; xxxiii, 48, 49, 50 ; xxxv, 1 ; xxxvi, 13 ; Deut. xxxiv, 1, 8; Josh, xxiii, 32) or Jericho (iv, 13 ; v, 10; 2 Kings xxv, 5; Jer. xxxix, 5; Iii, 8).
11. Jenhimoa (■,"''3^'l37)i '' waste, either generally (espe- cially of the " wilderness" of the wanderiuir, Dent, xxxii, 10; Psa. Ixviii, 7 ; "desert," Psa. Ixxviii, 40; cvi,14; Isa. xliii, Ifl, 20 ; "solitary," Psa. cvii, 4), ur specifically the barren tract 011 both sides of the Dead Sea (" Jesliimon," Numb, xxi, 20; xxiii, 28; xxxiii, 49; 1 Sam. xxiii, 19, 24; xxvi, 1,3).
12. Kikkur ('132), a circle (primarily and often, a coin or lonf), sjiecifically (A. V. always "plain") the floor of the valley through which the Jordan rinis (2 Sam. xviii, 23 ; 1 Kings vii, 46 : 2 Chrou. iv, 17 ; Neh. iii, 22 ; xii, 28), or the oasis that formerlv existed in (the s^iuihern part of) it (Gen. xiii, 10, 11, 12; x"ix, 17, 2,5, 28. 29 ; Dent, xxxiv, 3).
Less distinctive than the above are the terms Geliloth (rib^ba), circles, used iu the general sense of frontiers ("borders," Josh. xiii, 2; "coasts," Joel iii, 4), or the wind- ings of the Jordan (" borders," Josh, xxii, 10, 11 ; " coun- try," Ezek. xlvii, 8); Carviel (?'2"I3), a park, enijiloyed (besides its use as a proper name) in the general signifi- cation of a well-cultivated region ("fruitful field," Isa. x, 8; "fruitful place," Jer. iv, 26; "plentiful field," Isa. xvi, 10; Jer. xlviii, 33; "Carniel,"2 Kings xix, 23; Isa. xxxvii, 24); Sadeh (n"lil5),nra6fcia(irf ("field," "country," "land"); Shedevwth (ri'C'lllS, highly cultivated soil ("fields" of Gcmiorrah. Deut. xxxii, 32; Kidron,2 Kings xxiii, 4; Jer. xxxi, 40; Heshbon, Isa. xvi, 8; comp. Ilab. iii, 17); Ahil (53X), a mcadoic, employed as the name of a place, and usually in composition: Maareh (i^'^"'0\ an open trace ("nieadows"of Gibeah, Judg. xx, 33; perhaps for n"ir."3, a cane.; by others read "^^VO. from the if est) ; Chelkdh (rtpbrt), a (smooth) 2)?o< of ground (often in general as a " portion"), in connection with Sadeh (" piece," " |)arcel," etc.) or without it ("field," "])iece," "plot," etc.); A'a- phiih (ilE3), a height, only of Dor ("borders," Josh, xi, 2; "coast," xii, 23; "region," 1 Kings iv, 11), or Ne- pheth (riE3\ in the same connection ("countries," Josh, xvii, 11); Chebel (?3H), a district (lit. as measured by a rope) ; applied as a sjeneral topographical division ("por- tion," or "coast," Josh, xvii, 5, 14; xix, 9, 29; Zeph. ii, 5, 6,7), especially to Arsjob ("region" or "country," Dent, iii, 4,13, 14: 1 Kings iv, 1.3).
II. Klcvatioiis (considered as snch, without reference to their extent of area).
1. liar (^>1), a movntain. employed for single summits (as Sinai, Gerizim, Zion, Olivet) or for ranges (as Leba-
TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS 491 TOPOGRAPHICAL TERMS
non) ; ali?o to the £;enei-al backbone or highland of Pales- tine, or of Jiidah,Ephiaim, etc., in particnlar (A. V. "moun- tain," "nionnt," "hill'). Occasionally the cognate form lior (nn or "lirt) is employed (usually with the art.), es- pecially with reference to the well-known eminence of that name. The following are the various elevations to which Har is applied: Abarim, Aniana (Cant, iv, 8), Ara- rat, Baalah, Baal-Hermon (Jtidg. iii, 3; comp. Josh, xiii, 5), Bethel, Bether (Cant, ii, T), Carmel, Ebal, Emek (Josh, xiii, l'.»), Ephron (xv, 9), Gaash, (ierizim, Gilboa, Gilead, Halak (xi, IT), Ileres (Judg. i, 35), Herinoi], Hor, Horeb, Jearim (Josh, xv, 10), Ulifet (Zech. xiv, 4; the word is not used in 2 Sam. xv, 30), Mizar (Psa. xiii, 0), Moriah, Nebo, Paran (Dent, xxxiii, 2), Perazim (Isa. xxviii, '.'1), Samaria (1 Kings xvi, 24), Seir, Sephar (Gen. x, 30), Si- nai, SiiHi (Sirion or Shenir, all names for Hermon, Deut. iii, 9; iv, 48), Shapher (Numb, xxxiii, 23), Tabor, Zalmon (Judg. ix, 4S), Zemaraim (2 Cliron. xiii, 4), Zion. There are also the mountains of the Amorites, of the Anialek- ites (Judu;. xii, 15), of Epliraim, of Esau, of Israel, of Ju- dah, of Naphtali, and of Bashan (Psa. Ixviii, 15).
The following subordinate terms are applied to parts or features of mountains in personification of the human frame : Rosh (\aX"l), head, the top (Gen. viii, 5 ; Exod. xix, 20; Deut. xxxiv, 1; 1 Kings xviii, 42) ; Azniith (HIITX), ears, perh. some projection on the summit (Josh, xix, 34) ; Kathejth (Z\r3), the shoulder, the brow (Deut. xxxiii, 12; Josh. XV, S, 10 ; xviii, 16) ; Tsad (T^), the side or hill-slope (1 Sam. xxiii, 26; 2 Sam. xiii, 34) ; Kisloth (n'POS), loiiin or fiank.% i. e. base (Josh, xix, 12, IS) ; Tuela ("3iJ), a rib, i. e. spur (2 Sam. xvi, 13) ; Sliekem (D3^), back, i. e. rear (Shechem) ; Ammdh (iTaX), elbow, i. e. bend (ii, 24) ; Yere- k&h (■"I3"l'i), thigh, i. e. recesses (of Mount Epliraim, Judg. xix, 1, IS ; of Lebanon, 2 Kings xix, 23; Isa. xxxviii, 24).