Ancient Egyptian Trumpets.
Titus at Rome (see Reland, SpoUa Templi Tlieros. p. 184 ?([.) and on coins (Friihlich, Anal. Sip-, prolog, p. 80, pi. 18, tig. 17 and 18), and it appears to have emitted a clear, shrill tone (comp. Foskel, i, 86), adapted to an alarum ("i?n). See Musical Instruments.
2. ~S1 wj, shophdr (Sept. usually aaXmy^, Vulg. huc- ciiui), was the curved trumpet or horn (Lat. lituus) for signals; and is the word elsewhere rendered "trumpet" in the A.V. ("cornet," 1 Chron. xv, 28; 2 Chron. xv, 14; Psa. xcviii, 6; Hos. v, 8). It was sounded in the year of jubilee (Lev. xxv, 9; the Talmndic New-year's- day, Mishna, Rosh hash-Shanah, iii, 3), in battle (Job xxxix, 25 [28]; Jer. iv, 5; vi,l), and by sentinels (Ezek. xxxiii, 6) ; and had a loud (Isa. Iviii, 1) tone like a thun- der-peal (Exod. xix, 16, 19). Some writers fail to dis- tinguish this from the preceding kind of tnmipet (Cred- ner, Joel, p. 164 sq. ; Hoffmann, in Warnekros, Ilebr. A l- terth. p. 598 sq.) ; both instruments are named in the same connection in 1 Chron. xv, 28; 2 Chron. xv, 14; Psa. xcviii, 6; Hos. v, 8 (see Zoega, De Buccina [Lips. 1712]). Jerome (on the passage last cited) clearly dis- tinguishes the shophdr: "Buccina pastoralis est et cor- nu recurro efficitur, unde et proprie Hebraice sophar, (irsece Keparii'tj appellatur." According to the Mishna (ut sup.), however, the shophdr was sometimes straight and at others crooked (see Dought;«i .4?;«/ec^ i, 99 sq.). Curved horns (as of oxen or sheep) are still common in the synagogue under the same name (m~5i"j); ac- cording to the Gemara (^Shabb. xxxvi, 1), "iSVCJ origi- nally denoted only the curved horn, and not until the downfall of the Jewish polity was it confounded with the niumn. The second Temjile contained thirteen boxes (in the court of the women), shaped like (straight) trumpets ( shopharoth ), for the deposition of alms (Mishna, Shekal. \\, n). The horn with which the year of jubilee was ushered in is technically called (as above observed) bnii, fully 'blliiri "in,:? orb;:i^n nsrj (Josh, vi, 4 sq.) ; and the force of breath required to sound it is denoted by the term T^^"^, to drmo out (see Winer's Simonis L^ex. p. 394, 584 ; comp. Griiser, Kathol. Messe, i, 107 stp). See Cornet.
Various Forms of Trumpets.
I,?, 3, 4. Ancient horns and cnrvt^d trumpets; 5. Straight trumpet; 6. Pipe.
As above intimated, the Lord commanded jNIoses to make two trumpets of beaten silver, for the purpose of calling the people together when they were to decamp (Numb. x). They chiefly used these triimpets, how- ever, to proclaim the beginning of the civil year, the beginning of the sabbatical year (Lev. xxiii. 24 ; Numb. xxix, 1), and the beginning of the jidjilee (Lev. xxv, 9, 10). Josephus says {.Ant. iii, 12, 6) that they were near a cubit long, and that their tube or pipe was of the thickness of a common flute. Their mouths were no wider than just admitted to blow into them, and their ends were like those of a modern trumpet. There were originally but two in the camp, though afterwards a
TRUMPETS, FEAST OF
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TRUST-DEEDS
great number were made. In the time of Joshua there were seven (Josh, iii, 4), and at the dedication of tlie Temple of Solomon tiicru were one hundred and twenty priests tlial -sounded trumpets (2 Chron. v, 1'2). The following particulars concerning the use of trumpets in the Temple will be useful, and are collected chieHy from Lightfoot's Temple Service, The trumpets were sound- eil exclusively by the priests, who stood not in the Le- vitical choir, but apart, and opposite to the Levites, on the other side of the altar, both parties looking towards it — the jiriests on the west, side and the Levites on the east. Tlie trumpets did not join in the concert, but were sounded during certain regulated pauses in the vocal and instrumental music. "The manner of their blowing with their trumpets was first a long plain blast, then a blast with breakings and quaverings, and then a long plain blast again. . . . The priests did never blow but these three blasts went together. . . . The Jewsilo express these three several soundings that they made at one blowing by the words (translated) 'An alarm in the mitist, and a plain note before and after it;' wliich our Christian writers do most commonly express by tanitantara, though that word seems to put the (piavering sound before and after, and the plain in the midst, contrary to the Jewish description of it."' See Ni:\v Yi:ai!, Fkstival ok.
In atldition to the sacred trumpets of the Temple, whose use was restricted to the priests, even in war and in battle, there were others used by the Hebrew gener- als (Judg. iii, 27). Ehud sounded the trumpet to as- semble Israel against the IMoabites, whose king. Eglon, he had lately slain, (iideon took a trumpet in his hand, and gave each of his people one, when he assaulted the ^Midianites (vii, 2, IG). Joab sounded the trumpet as a signal of retreat to his soldiers, in the battle against Abner (2 Sam. ii, 28), in that against Absalom (xviii, Itj), and in the pursuit of Sheba, son of Bichri (xx, 22). See Wau.