"How well her nnme an Army doth iiresent, 111 whom the Lord of hustx did pitch his tent !" (B. P.)
Tsiyiiii. See Wii.7)Ern'ess, Beasts of.
Tsonkhapa, a Thibetan reformer and monk, was born A.l). loo.'), in the district of Amdo. He strictly prohibited ordinary tricks and pretended miracles of charlatanism, and imited and reconciled the dialectical and mystical schools of modern Buddhism. He also published most comprehensive works. His innovations were never universally acknowledged. His followers, however, called Gelnl-pa, or GahUtupa, are the most numerous, and wear a yellow garb, the others having chosen red. See Tiiibkt.
Tsor. See Flint.
Tsoii. See Bai.m.
Tu'bal (Heb. TiihaV, bn^in [52tn in (ien. x, 2; Ezek. xxxii, 2G; xxxix, 1], of uncertain sign iticat ion ; Sept. 9o/3.=X, except in Ezek. xxxix, 1, where Alex. Ool3if); Vulg. T/iub(il, hut in Isa. Ixvi, 19, JUdia). In the ancient ethnological tables of (ienesis and 1 Ciiron. Tubal is reckoned with Javan and Meshech among the sons of Japheth ((ien. x, 2; 1 Cliron. i, v). B.C. post 2514. The three are again associated in the enumera- tion of the sources of the wealth of Tyre : Javan, Tu- bal, and Meshech brought slaves and copper vessels to the Phueiiician markets (Ezek. xxvii, lo). Tubal and Javan (Isa. Ixvi, 1*.)), IMeshech and Tubal (Ezek. xxxii, 2G; xxxviii, 2, 3; xxxix, 1), are nations of the north (xxxviii, 15; xxxix, 2). .losephus (Anf. i, 6, 1) identities the descendants of Tubal with the Iberians, that is — not, as Jerome would understand it, Spaniards, but — the inhabitants of a tract of country between the Caspian and Euxine seas, which nearly corresponded to the modern (ieorgia. Knobel connects these Iberians of tlie East and West, and considers the Tibnreni to have been a branch of this widely spread Turanian family, known to the Hebrews as Tubal {Vdlkertafel d. Gen. § 13). Bochart (I'hideiy, iii, 12) makes the Jloschi and Tibareni represent Meshech and Tubal. These two Colchian tribes are mentioned together in Herodo- tus on two occasions: first, as forming part of the nine- teenth satrapy of the Persian empire (iii, 9-t), and again as being in the army of Xerxes under the command of Ariomardus the son of Darius (vii, 78). The Moschi and Tibareni, moreover, are "constantly associated, under the names of Miixkai and Tiipliii, in the As- syrian inscriptions" (Sir H. Rawlinson, in liawlinsou's Herod, i, 535). The Tibareni are said by the scho- liast on ApoUonius Khodius (ii, 1010) to have been a Scythian tribe, and they as well as the Moschi are probably to be referred to that Turanian people who in very early times spread themselves over the entire region between the IMediterranean and India, the Per- sian Gulf and the Caucasus (Kawlinson, Herod, i, 535). In the time of Sargon, according to the inscriptions, Ambris, the son of Khuliya, was hereditary chief of Tu-
bal (the southern slopes of Taurus). He "had culti- vated relations with the kings of Musak and Vararat (Meshech and Ararat, or the JMosclii and Armenia), who were in revolt against Assyria, and thus drew upon himself the hostility of the great king {ibid, i, Itj'.), note 3). In former times the Tibareni were probably more im- portant; and the Mosclii and Tibareni, Meshech and Tubal, may have been names by which powerful hordes of Scythians were known to the Hebrews. But in his- tory we only hear of them as pushed to the farthest limits of tlieir ancient settlements, and occupying mere- ly a strip of coast along the Euxine. Their neighbors the Chaldicans were in the same condition. In the time of Herodotus the Moschi and Tibareni were even more closely connected than at a later period, for in Xenophoii we find them separated by the jNIacrones and Mossynoeci {Anub. v, 5, 1 ; Pliny, vi, 4, etc.). The lim- its of the territory of the Tibareni are extremely diffi- cult to determine with any degree of accuracy. After a part of the ten thousand Greeks, on their retreat with Xenophon, had embarked at Cerasus (perhaps near the modern Kerasiin Dere Sii), the rest marched along the coast, and soon came to the boundaries of the Mossy- noeci {Anah. v, 4, 2). They traversed the country oc- cupied by this people in eight days, and then came to the Cliaiybes, and after them to the Tibareni. The eastern limit of the Tibareni was therefore about eighty or ninety miles along the coast west of Cerasus. Two days' march through Tibarene brought the (ireeks to Cotyora (ibid, v, 5, 3), and they were altogether three days in passing through the countrj' (Diod. Sic. xiv, 30). Now from Cape Jasonium to Boon, according to Arrian {PeripL 16), the distance was 90 stadia, 90 more to Co- tyora, and 00 from Cotyora to the river Melanthius, mak- ing in all a coast line of 240 stadia, or three days' march. Prof. Bawlinson {fJerod. iv, 181) conjectures tliat the Tibareni occupied the coast between Cape Vasiin (Ja- sonium) and the river Melanthius (Melet Irmak) ; but if we follow Xenophon, we must place Boon as their western bouiulary, one day's march from Cotyora, and their eastern limit must be sought some ten miles east of the Jlelet Irmak, perhaps not far from the modern Aptar, which is three and a half hours from that river. The anonymous author of the Periplus of the Euxine says (33) that the Tibareni formerly dwelt west of Co- tvora as far as Polemoniiim, at the mouth of the Pule- man chai, one and a half miles east of Fatsuh.