Ill the time of Xenophon the Tibareni were an inde- pendent tribe {A nab. vii, 8, 25). Long before this they were subject to a number of petty chiefs, which was a principal element of their weakness, and rendered their subjugation by Assyria more easy. Dr. Hincks (quoted by Kawlinson, Herod, i, 380, note 1) has found as many as twenty-four kings of the Tupliii mentioned in the in- scriptions. They are said by ApoUonius Khodius to have been rich in flocks (.4 jv;. ii, 377). The trafiic in slaves and vessels of copper with which the people of Tubal supplied the markets of Tyre (Ezek. xxvii, 13) still further connects them with the Tibareni. It is well known that the regions bordering on the Pontus Euxi- nus furnished the most beautiful slaves, and that the slave-traffic was an extensive branch of trade among the Cappadocians (Polyb. iv, 38, 4; Horace, /-Jp. i, 6, 39; Persius, Sat. vi, 77; iMartial, J-Jp. vi, 77; x, 7(5, etc.). The copper of the IMossynoeci, the neighbors of the Tib- areni, was celebrated as being extremely bright and without any admixture of tin (Aristot. De Mir. A uscult. G2) ; and the Chalybes, who lived between these tribes, were long famous for their craft as metal-smiths. We must not forget, too, the copper-mines of Chalvar in Armenia (Hamilton, A.tia Min. i. 173).
The Arabic version of (ien. x, 2 gives Chorasan and China for Meshech and Tubal; in Eusebius (see JBo- chart) they are Illyria and Thessaly. The Talmudists {Yoma, fol. 10, 2), according to Bochart, define Tubal as "the home of the Uuiuci ("ipi"i;iS)," whom he is in-
TUBAL-CAIN
672 TUBINGEN SCHOOL, THE OLD
clined to identify with the Iluns (Phaleg, iii, 12). They may, |)trl)aps, take their name from (Enoc, the modern rnicli, a (own on the south eoast of tlie Black Sea, not far from ( 'ajw Yasun, and so in tlie immediate iieii^liliorhood of tlie Tibareiii. In the Tari|,um of K. Joseph on 1 Chron. (ed. AVilkins) S'^'^IT"''! is given as the equivalent of Tubal, and Wilkins renders it bv Hithynia. But the reading in this passage, as well as in tlie Targtnns of Jerusalem and of Jonathan on Gen. x, is too doubtful to be followed as even a traditional au- thority.— Smith. See Ktiinolo(;y.
Tu'bal-cain (Heb. 'J'u'bul Ka'tjin, ",^1? "SnW, ap- |)arently <pf foreign etymology; Sept. o Bo/SiX ; Vulg. Tubal cuiii), the son of Lamech the Cainite by his wife Zillah (Gen. iv, 22). B.C. eir. 3700. He is "called "a furbisher of every cutting instrument of copper anil iron." Tlic .lewish legend of later times associates him with his father's song. '•Lamech was blind," says the story as told by Kashi, '"and Tubal-cain was leading him ; and he saw Cain, an<l he appeared to him like a wild beast, so he told his father to draw his bow, and he slew him. And when he knew that it was Cain his ancestor, he smote his hands together and struck his son between them. So he slew him, and his wives with- draw from him and he conciliates them." In this story Tubal-cain is the "young man" of the song. Rashi ap- parently considers the name of Tubal-cain as an appel- lative, for he makes him director of the works of Cain for making weajions of war, and connects "Tubal" with 52P, idbbel, to season, and so to prepare skilfully. He ap[)cars, moreover, to have pointed it 5310, label, which seems to have been the reading of the Sept. and Jose- phus. According to the writer last mentioned {A7it. i, 2, 2), Tubal-cain was distinguished for his prodigious strength and his success in war.
The derivation of the name is extremely obscure. Hasse {Kiitikrl-iiiKjen, ii, .37, quoted by Knobel on (ien. iv, 22) identities Tid)al-cain with Vulcan; and Butt- mann {Mythol. i, 1G4) not only compares these names, but adds to the comparison the T£X;)(ij'£e of Rhodes, the first workers in copper and iron (Strabo, xiv, 654), and Dwalimi, the daemon smith of the Scandinavian my- thology, (iesenius proposed to consider it a hybrid word, compounded of the I'crs. ti'ipal, iron slag, or scoria, and the Arab, kaiii, a siiii/li ; but this etymology is more than doubtful. The Scythian race Tubal, who were coppersmiths (Ezek. xxvii, 13), naturallj' suggest them- selves in connection with Tubal-cain. — Smith.
Tubie'ni (Toii/3»>oi ; Alex. Tovl3t7vui ; Vulg. Tu- hiuimi). The '• Jews called Tubieni" lived about Cha- rax, 750 stadia from a strongly fortified city called Cas- pis (2 Mace, xii, 17). They were doubtless the same who are elsewhere mentioned as living in the towns of ToubidH (A. V. "Tobie"), which again is probably the same with the Ton (q. v.) of the Old Test.— Smith.
Tubingen School, Thk Old. The origin of this school, which Ijccame so noteworthy a factor in the de- velopment of Protestant theology during the latter half of the 18th century, is associated chiefly with the per- sonality and influence of (i. C. Storr (q. v.), professor of theology in the I'niversity of Tubingen, and, at a later day. court-preacher at Stuttgart. This scholar gather- ed about him a number of |)upils, whom he impressed with the broad culture and thorough and comprehen- sive learning as well as logical arrangement and ex- traordinary clearness of his lectures, and whom he capti- vated by his evident piety, dignified demeanor, and un- varying kindness. Storr's dominant elements of char- acter, whether as a man or a scholar, were, however, wholly of the objective class. His piety was not the expression of protnuud religious feeling, hut of rigidly earnest and conscientious principle; and as his heart lacked fervor, so his intellect was deficient in imagina- tion and the true speculative <iuality. The age in which he lived was a period of unrest. The orthodoxy