Tuonela was, according to the Finnish belief, the river of the countrj' of the dead. — Lenormant, Chald. Magic, p. 258.
Tuoni, was the father of Kivutar, or Kipu-typo, the Fimiish goddess of diseases. — Lenormant, Chald. Magic, p. 259.
Tuquoa, in the mythology of the Hottentots, is the evil spirit causing harm and misery, for whom nu- merous sacrifices are offered for the purpose of relieving the Hottentots, whom he is said to persecute.
Tura (or Tuna), Cosuio (Cosime da Ferrara). an Italian painter, was born at Ferrara in 1406. He was a disciple of GalassoGalassi, and was court-painter in the time of the duke Borso d' Este. He died in 14(59. Tura worked both in oil and fresco, and painted in the dry, Gothic style then prevailing. Among his paintings &VC, Annunciation and Nativity, m the cathedral: — Acts o/'«S'^A'M^r^c<', Monastery of San Guglielmo: — Virgin and Saints, Church of San Giovanni : — Christ Praying in the Garden, at the Cappuceini : — Madonna with Saints, Bcr- lirt Museum. See Spooner, Biog. Hist, of Fine A I'ts, ?. v.
Turban. Though it is presumable that in a cli- mate like that of Palestine the inhabitants did not ex- pose themselves to the cold of winter or the heats of summer without some covering for the head, there is no certain evidence that any such was in common use. The Hebrews have several words by which articles of head-dress are designated, but they all ajiparently be- long to coverings which were either official or merely ornamental, with the exception of those used by the military.
In tiie Pentateuch two kinds of head-coverings are mentioned as forming part of the priest's dress, the TE;^^ of the high-priest, and the n"2"i'0 of th^ com- mon priests; the former of which was probably a sort of tiara, while the latter may have been a turban, but was more probably a high cap of a flower-like shape, stich as are foinui among Orientals in the present day (Biilir, Symhulik des rnos. Cult, ii, GO). As these head-
TURCHI
579
TURIN, COUNCIL OF
Coverings (A. V. " bonnets") were expressly designed for "glory and for beauty" (Exod. xxviii,4U), they ev- idently give us no idea of what was commonly worn on the head by the people. In the ceremony prescribed for the drinking of the waters of jealousy, the priest is directed to looxen (,"1S) the woman's head — i. e. to let her hair fall down loosely (Numb, v, 18); and in the law concerning the leper it is prescribed that his head shall be loosened ("1^3); phraseolog}^ which seems to indicate that it was customary in the Jlosaic times to bind the hair with a band or lillet, such as we see rep- resented on the Egyptian and Assyrian monuments. On the other hand, from the stress that is laid in the law concerning the Nazarite on his suffering his locks to grow, and on his hair thus abundantly grown being the crown of God on him (Lev. xiii,45), it seems fair to infer that the cro])ping of the hair, and perhaps also the shaving of the head and the wearing of some cov- ering (it may be of artificial hair, as among the Egyp- tians), was common among the people.
In the other books the terms which occur designating head-dress, besides those which are regal, such as TTS and mi3" [see Crown], and those which are military [see Armor], are the following:
1. C]"'3jJ, tsaniph. This term occurs three times in the Old Test. (Job xxix, 14: Isa. Ixii, 3; Zech. iii, 5). In all these cases the usage of the word shows that it refers, not to an ordinary article of dress, but to one which was ornamental and for display. It was prob- ably a turban, the word being derived from "S^J, fa roll round or xvind, Schroder {De Vest. Mulier. 11 eb. p. 364) endeavors to prove from the Arabic that this word means a narrow strip wound round the head; but his instances only prove that the Arabic tsinj' and tsinfa denote a small band, or the hem of a garment. In Isa. iii, 22 the fern, tseniphdh is used of a female head-dress worn for ornament.
2. ^X3, peer. This word is used of the head-dress of distinguished persons, both male and female (Isa. iii, 20 ; Ixi, 3, 10 ; Ezek. xxiv, 17, 23 ; xliv, KS). In Exod. xxxix, 28 it is used of the priest's head-dress, as also in Ezek. xliv, 18. In all the other instances it indi- cates an article of holitlay costume. Saalschiitz sug- gests that the peer was probably the hat or bonnet, properly so called, and the tsaniph the ornamental head- band wrapped round it.
3. ri'l"'S^, tsephirdth, from "ISU, to circle, a circlet or diadem (Isa. xxviii, 5) ; or it may have been a piece of line muslin wound round the turban for ornament, such as the Orientals still use.
4. iT^lP, liryuh (I'rov. i, 9 ; iv, 9). Some regard this as a species of tillet by which the head was bound; but it probably means rather a garland or wreath of flowers.
The examination of these terms has failed to convey to us any information respecting the ordinary every-day costume for the head of the Hebrew people. Probably they were wont simply to throw some part of their dress over their heads when they had occasion to .ex- pose themselves to the weather, or to fold a (liece of cloth over their heads, as do the Arabs of the present <lay, reserving such articles as those alwve named for holiday or festive occasions (Jahn, Biblisc/ie Archdvlo- t/ie, I, ii, 2, p. 116; Saalschiitz, A7'c/i. der Hehr. ii, 22). — Kitto. See Hkad-dress.