1,000,000 in a total population of about 5,000,000. In Asia the Turkish race is supposed to niunber more than 8,500,000 of a total population of 17,000,000; but this number embraces many old tribes who have been totally, absorbed and merged in the Turks. The Turcomans, who live chieti}' in Northern Mesopotamia, and number about 100,000, belong to the same race as the Turks.
Up to the time of the late Eastern war, the bulk of the population in the European dominions of Turkej' was made up of five non-Turkish tribes — Roumanians, Servians, Bulgarians, Greeks, and Albanians. The Rou- manians, who chiefly inhabit the principality of Rouma- nia, where they ninnbcr about 6,OtH),000, have long been semi-independent of Turkey, and became entirely inde- pendent by the treaty of Berlin. Only about 200,000 remain subject to Turkish rule. Outside of Roumania and Turkey, Austria has a Roumanian population ex- ceeding three millions. West and south of the Rou- manians we tiiid two branches of the Slavic race, the Servians and the Bulgarians. The Servians embrace the inhabitants of the principalities of Servia and iSIon- tenegro, and of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Both j\Ion- tenegro (q. v.) and Servia ((p v.) are now independent states ; Bosnia and Herzegovina have been placed under Austrian administration, and are likely to become soon a part of the Austrian empire. In Bosnia, the landeil aristocrac}', after the conquest of the country by the Turks, became Mohammedans, in order to save their property and their privileges, but they continue to speak the Servian language. Outside of the present and for- mer dominions of the sultan, Austria has a Servian pop- ulation of about 4,500,000, called Croatians, Slavonians, Dalmatians, and Slovenians. The large majority of the Servians belong to the Greek Oriental Church; but in Austria and in Bosnia there is also a large Roman Cath- olic element. According to a recent work by Klaic on Bosnia (Agram, 1878), written in the Croatian language, the population of Bosnia is divided, as regards the re- ligious denominations, into — Orthodox Greek Church, (546,078, or 48.4 per cent.; Mohammedans, 480,590, or 35.y per cent.; Roman Catholics, 207,119, or 15.5 per cent.; and Jews, oOOO, or .2 per cent.; but in regard to race, 1,291,393 of this population are Slaves, only 200O Osmanli lurks, 30,000 Albanians, and 11,000 gypsies. The Servians of all the different denominations in Aus- tria and the former Turkish dominions are only now awakening to the full significance of the fact that their common language makes thein joint members of one nationality, and a strong movement towards uniting at some future time all these members into one slate has set in. Although the Mohammedan Bosnians are strong- ly opposed to this union movement, as well as to the an- nexation of their province to Austria, the rule of the Osmanli Turks over the Servian nationality may be said to be at an end.
The second Slavic race of European Turkey is the Bulgarians. They occupy the countrj' south of the Danube, their southern ethnic boinidary being a line passing through the towns of Nissa, Prisrend, Ochrida, Kastoria, Niagostos, Salonica, Adrianople, and Burgas, on the Black Sea. The number of Bulgarians is esti- mated at from three to four millions. After four cen- turies and a half of oppression, they were considered at the beginning of the 19th century the most wretched people of Europe. Then a marvellous awakening be- gan. See Bulgaria. In siiite of all oppression, they laid the foundation of a national system of education, and re-established the independence of their national Church. The treaty of San Stefano, Jlarch 3, 1878, between Russia and Turkey, provided for tiie establish- ment of Bulgaria as a tributary Ottoman jirincipality and a national militia. The principality thus consti- tuted would have extended from the boiuidaries of Ser- via and Albania to the Black Sea, and from the Danube nearly to the .Egean Sea, taking in about tifty miles of the ^Egean coast. It would have included all the pre-
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ilominantly Bulgarian districts, both north and soiitli ofilie Balkans, ctmtaining an a,uij;'"PS^'c of 79,400 square miles and an estimated [lopulation of between five and live and a half millions. But although the Bulgarians \vi)uld have been the dominant race, a considerable number of Turks, Servians, and (ireeks would have been merged in tlie Bulgarian majority. The treaty (if Berlin of July b), 1«7«, greatly modified tliis plan. The tributary principality of Bulgaria, as constituted liv it, contains only 33,000 square miles and about 1, 8(50,000 inhabitants. The Bulgarian districts south of the Balkans were constituted as the autonomous province of Eastern Boumelia, the governor of which nmst be a Christian, but is appointed by the Turkish government with tlie consent of the treaty powers. Eastern Boumelia has about 13.G(54 square miles and «oO,000 inhabitants, of whom about 600,000 are Bulga- rians, 150,000 Greeks, and 70,000 Turks. The aggre- gate population of Bulgaria and Eastern Koumelia reaches about 3,000,000, of whom fully 2,500,000 are ISulgarians, and the remainder mostly Turks and Greeks. Tlie Miihammedau ])opulation is estimated at from .S(10,000 to 950,000, but fully two thirds of them are of Bulgarian descent. The Bulgarians, generally, were greatly dissatisfied witli the jjrovisions of the treaty iif Berlin, and a strong movement began at once for a reunion of Bulgaria and Eastern Koumelia, which can liardlv fail to be ere long successful, and result in the (■mancipation of the entire Bulgarian population from Turkish rule.