2. A type is an institute or act appninfed hij God, and hy him adapted to the end it is designed to serve. Knowing what in due time was to be exhibited to men by the mission and work of his Son, God could not only predict it in words, but also give by means of sym- bolical acts and institutes such representation of it as would, in some measure at least, bring before the minds of the ancient saints a lively idea of it. As (iod alone could do this, it is on his appointment that the whole must rest. "To constitute one thing the type of an- other, as the term is generallj' understood in reference to Scripture, something more is needed than mere re- semblance. The former must not only resemble the latter, but must have been designed to resemble the lat- ter. It must have been so designed in its original in- stitution. It must have been designed as something preparatory to the latter. The type as well as the antitype must have been preordained ; and they must X.-Q Q
have been preordained as constituent parts of the same general scheme of Divine Providence. It is th'iii previ- ous design and this preordained connection which con- stitute the relation of type and antitype" (Marsh, Lect- ures on Criticism and Interpretation, p. 374). By the earlier typologists this condition was neglected, aiul re- semblance was made the sole criterion of the relation between an event or person of the Old Test, and a fact or doctrine of the New Test, as type and antitype, A once popidar book written on this plan is that of JM'Ewen, On the Types and Figures of the Old Test, But the principle has been carried out to the wildest extent in a work entitled The Typical Testimony to the Messiah, hy Micaiah Hill (Lond." 1862).
3. Each act or institute designed by God to serve as typical possessed a symbolical as well as a predictive character. This follows from the position that a type is a sensible emblem or prefigurative token of some spiritual truth, which itself rests upon certain events yet future, but of which events a certain degree of knowledge is possessed by those to whom the type is exhibited. In all such cases a twofold impression is conveyed to the mind: in the first place, that a partic- ular truth already known is symbolically indicated ; and, in the second place, that those events on which that truth depends shall certainly take place. In the testimony of God concerning bis Son there are two points — one of fact, and one of doctrine — on both of which we must be instructed before we can really be- lieve that testimony in all its fulness. What God calls us in the Bible to believe is, first, " the truth;" and, secondly, that "truth as it is in Christ Jesus." A\'ith regard, for instance, to the doctrine of salvation by the atonement, there is, first, the general principle that such a mode of salvation is reasonable, practicable, and in- tended by God ; and, secondly, the matter of fact that such an atonement has reall}' been presented by our Lord Jesus Christ and acceptetl by the Sovereign and Judge of all. Now it was, of course, the same under the Old-Test, dispensation : there were both the doctrine to be announced and the fact to be predicted before a complete statement of saving truth could be laid before the mind; and it was only as both of these were appre- hended that the belief of a Jew in the truth became full and intelligent. Hence every type contained at once a symbol of the truth and a prediction of the fact. It presented to the senses of the beholder an outwartl sign of a great general truth, and a memorial that in due season the event on which that truth rested would take place. Thus, for instance, in the case of sacrifice, there were both a symbol and a prediction. The slay- ing of the animal and the burning of its tlesh were em- bleins of the great truth that the sinner whose substi- tute that animal had become deserved death and sub- sequent agony, as well as of the general truth that God's plan of saving men from that desert was by the substitutionary sufferings of another. All this, howev- er, would have been of no avail to the sin-burdened Is- raelite, who knew well that no mere animal could make atonement for the sins of man, had not that act prefig- ured and predicted the great sacrifice for sin on the part of the Lamb of God. But, pointed forward to this, his faith obtained an object upon which to rest, and he was enabled to rejoice in the salvation of God. So, also, with regard to the immediate consequences of sac- rifice. When a Jew had committed a trespass against the Mosaic law, he had to offer certain sacrifices before he could enjoy his civil and political rights. Immedi- ately, however, on presenting these, he stood rectns in curia; he was acquitted of the sin he had committed, and restored to his civil privileges. With this a mere carnal and worldly Jew was content. But to the pious believer all this was only the symbol and type of some- thing spiritual. It reminded him that his sins against God had made him guilty and excluded him from the divine favor; it directed him to the need of a sacrifice for sin ere God would forgive his transgression ; and it