Tyssens, Peter, a Flemish painter, was born at Antwerp in 1625; and, after the death of Rubens and Vandyck, was considered one of the ablest painters of his time. He was made director of the Academy at Ant- werp in 1661, "His compositions are copious and in- genious, his design more correct than is usual with paint- ers of his country, his coloring strong, clear, and harmo- nious." He died, according to best authorities, in 1692. Among his works most worthy of notice are. The Martyr- dom of St. Benedict, Church of the Capuchins, Brussels : — The CruciJixion,at the Church of the Barefooted Carmel- ites : — The A ssiimplion of the Virr/in, Church of St. James, Antwerp. See Sjiooner, Biog. Hist, of Fine A rts, s. v.
Tzschiriier, Heinrich Gottijeb, a German the- ologian and orator, was l)orn Nov. 14, 1778, at Mitweida, in Saxony. Ho graduated at Leipsic, and in February, 1800, became an adjimct to the philosophical faculty at Wittenberg. His lectures were principally concerned
with empirical psychology, and yielded fruit in the works Let>en v. Ernie merkir. Selbstmorder nebst A tihandl. iih.d.Selbstniord (1805) : — Ueber d. moral. IndiJ'erentis- mus: — and Venvandtschaft d. Tiajenden und Laster. He was also associated with Manchart in the )Md)lication of the Neues Repeii. f empir. J'sych(dof/ie. In 1801 the sickness of his father called him away from the univer- sity, and he became first assistant, and. after tlie decease of his father, deacon at Mitweida. At that time he be- gan a history of apologetics, but published only one vol- mne (Leips. 1805). In the same year he was received into the theological faculty at Wittenberg, and in 18(19 he removed to Leipsic, where he remained until his death, with a temporary interruption occasioned by the war of deliverance IVom French domination, in which he served as chaplain and gained tlie decoration of the green cross (1813). The literary fruitage of his cam- paign is contained in the volume Ueber den Kriefj, etc. .(Leips. 1815). He died Feb. 17, 1823, regretteil by the whole community of Leipsic.
Tzschirner's theological tendency was that known in his day as a'stheticism, whose aim was the reconcilia- tion of rationalism and supranaturalism. He regarded Christianity as being in its nature a religion of reason, though introduced by a supernatural revelation. See Briefe, veraid. durch Reinhards Gestdndnisse (Leips. 1811), and Briefe eines Deutschen an Chateaubriand, etc., published by Krug. His l>o<;matik (published by Hase, Leips. 1829) is non-committal, and contents itself with merely stating the differences of the two great opposing schools of thought in Protestant theology (see Riihr, Krit. Predi(jer-Bihliothek, x, 1). He was rather a his- torian than a systematic theologian, and disposed to hiile himself behind his work. He added the two final volumes to Schrockh's Church History since the Refor- mation; but his principal work, according to his own judgment, is his Fall des Ileidenthums, published by isjiedner (Leips. 1829).
The period following the Napoleonic wars and begin- ning with the jubilee of the great Reformation (1817), developed Tzschirner into a foremost defender of Prot- estantisiTi and popular freedom. Enthusiastically in- spired b}- the study of the great past of the I^vangelical Church, he yet refused to confine himself to the letter of Luther's authority, but insisted upon tlie exercise of the Protestant principle of intellectual liberty. In view of the fact that timid statesmen endeavored to repress the enthusiasm of the nation consequent on the defeat of Napoleon, and that Romanists and would-be perverts to Romanism charged upon Protestantism the originat- ing and development of every revolutionary tendency and excess, he devoted his brilliant diction and incisive thought to the demonstration that Protestantism tends to mature the intelligence and fix the principles of peo- ples; and that it therefore tends to peace and quietness, and is more favorable to any legitimate form of settled government than Romanism. Numerous works, some of which became famous and were translated into for- eign languages, were the result of this effort — e. g.. Ka- tholicisnius it. Protestantismus aiis dem Standpunktc dtr Politik (1822). He also wrote in behalf of 0|)[iressed Protestants in France, Sardinia, and Hinigary (1824), and of the liberties of Greece (1821). His Protestant contemporaries, for their part, gave him many tokens of their appreciation of his labors in their behalf, among them the king of Denmark, who in 1826 conferred on him the Order of Danebrog.
Tzschirner had taken Reinhard for his model as a pulpit orator. His sermons are occasionally models of pulpit eloquence. They were carefully elaborated and strictly memorized, sometimes pervaded with a poetic spirit and great freshness, and characterized by the fre- quent use of matter drawn from Church history. His personality, voice, and manner in the pidpit gave him great power over his audiences, despite dithculties he experienced with his respiratory organs. Five volumes and several separately published Sermons by Tzschirner
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are extant. His views respecting the effect of ration- alistic principles upon the preacher are contained in the article Dass die Verschiedenheit d. Dogmen Systeine kein Hinderniss des Ziveckes d. Kirche sei. in Mac/azin fiir c/irisll. Prediger, 1823. His theory of hoiniletics sets forth that homiletics "is the art of edifying hy means of speech which harmonizes with the forms of beauty and excites into activity all the faculties of the Soul, subject to the purpose of promoting piety and vir-