Juan Valdes was a theologian of the first rank in ability, though largely self-trained, and though he nev- er entered into orders. Sand, the editor of the Biblio- theca Antitrinitariorum (1684), places him at the head of his catalogue on the authority of a passage in a Uni- tarian publication of 1567, said to be cited from Valdes, but which certainly does not prove the charge of anti- trinitarianism ; and verj' different sentiments are ex- pressed by Valdes in the A Ifaheto Christ, p. 37, and the Commentary on First Corinthians, p. 281, etc. In his Consideraziones, No. 109, he confesses that the relation existing between the Father and the Son exceeds his comprehension. In personal intercourse Valdes pos- sessed extraordinary infiuence, especially among the no- bles, with whom his rank brought him into contact. His manners were polished, his conversation attractive, his entire bearing full of charm. Assisted by Peter Martyr (Vermigli) of Florence, the Angustinian abbot of St. Peter ad Aram at Naples, and by Ochino and others,
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he was able to beget such enthusiasm for the study of the Bible that a contemporary Neapolitan writer states that certain tanners were in the constant habit of dis- cussing the I'auline epistles and their most ditficult pas- sai;es. Among his friends wexe also the poet Flaminio and the Heformer I'ieiro CarnesS^chi (q. v.). Yaldes died in la40 or 1541.
See IVihmer, Ceind Biografici sui Frattlli Giovanni e Alfoiisudi I'lddesso, 18Gl,in the appendix to his edition of the Consideraziunes ; and id. in Herzog, Rml-Ejwy- klop. s. V.
Valdes, Don Juan (2) de Lkai,, a Spanish paint- er, desceiuU'd from an ancient family of Austria, was born at Cordova in KiSO. He studied in the school of Antonio del Castillo, and afterwards removed to Seville, where lie became one of the most distinguished painters of that city. He was one of the founders of the Acad- emy there, and at the death of Murillo became its pres- ident, and was esteemed as the head of his profession. Among his numerous works may be mentioned, The Triumph of the Cross, at Seville :—7V(e Martyrdom of SI. Andrew: — and The History of the Prophet Klias, at Cordova. He died in 1(591. See Spooner, Bioy. //isl. of the Fine Ai-ts, s. v.
Valdes, Bon Lucas dk, a Spanish painter, son of the preceding, was l)orn at Seville in ItJl 1. He was in- structed by his fatlier. and painted history and portraits with considerable reputation. Some of his works re- main in the churches and public edifices of his native city. He died in 1724. See Spooner, Bioy. IJist. of the Fine A rts, s. v.
Valdes, Don Sebastian Li-anos \m, a Spanish painter, flourished at Seville about 1(5(50. He studied under Francisco de Herrera the elder; aided greatly in establishing the Academy of Seville, in the presidency of which he succeeded Juan de Valdes. Among his large historical works are a Maydulen, in the Church of the KecoUets at Madrid:— and a picture of the Viryiu surrounded by Saints and A ngels (16G9), in the Church of St. Thomas, Seville. See Spoouer, Biog. IJist. of the Fine A rts, s. v.
Valdo. See Waldo,
Vale. See Vai-i.ev.
Valence, Coiincils of {Concilia Valentina). Val- ence is a town of Dauphinj-, France, on the Rhone, fifty- seven miles south of Lyons. Five ecclesiastical councils have been held there, as follows :
I. Was held July 12, 374. Thirty bishops attended, of whom the names of twenty-two have reached us. It is supposed to have been a general (Jallican council, or at least collected from the chief part of Narbonnesian (Jaul. The object of this council was to remedy the disorders which had crept into the discipline of the Church. Four canons were published.
1. Forbids the ordination in future of men who have had two wives, or who have manied widow;;, but it does not insist upon the deposition of those wlio have been al- ready ordained.
2. Fortiids to grant pennnce too easily to young women who, after conseciatinj; themselves to God, voluntarily embrace the married state.
3. Forljids absolution until death to those who, after baptism, fall back into idolatry, or who have received a secoiul baptism.
4. Orders that all bishops, priests, and deacons falsely accusin;; iheniselves of any crimes in order to be deposed, and so escape the responsibility and weijiht of their or- ders, shall be, in fact, so deposed, and considered as guilty of the crimes wherewith they charge themselves.
See Mansi, Concil. ii, 904.
n. Was held about o30. in defence of the doctrines of grace and free-will, against the Semi-1'elagians. See Mansi, Concil. iv, 1678.
III. Was held Jan. 8, 855, by order of the emperor Lothaire. Fourteen bishops, with the metropolitans, attended from the three provinces of Lyons, Vienne, and Aries. The object of the council was to investi- gate the conduct of the bishop of Valence, who was ac-
cused of various crimes. Twenty-three canons >vere published.
Tlie first six relate to the subjects of <;rnce, free-will, and i)redeslinatiou, and reject the four canons of (^uiercy upon the matter.
7. Relates to the elections of bishops with the unani- mous consent of the clersry and peojde of the see.
12. Forbids, under pain orexcomniuiiicatioii, the siniju- lar combats to which accused jiersons had recourse in those times in order to prove their iuMoceiue. Direcis that he who shall kHl or wound his adveisnry sh.iU be treated as a murdeier, and excommuidcated ; and that the man killed shall be regarded as a suicide, and forbid- den Christian burial.