As a controversialist, Voetius was vehement, and not careful as respects the choice of his weapons. His works afford abundant evidence that he believed, in a practical way, that the end hallows the means. His most violent campaign was that directed against the Cartesian philosophy in the persons, at first, of the Utrecht professors Renerius and Rhegius (1639-42), but eventually of Des Cartes himself; and in this he was defeated in consequence of the exposure of his duplicity in persuading his friend Schoock, professor at Groning- en, to write a polemic against Cartesianism, many of ■whose statements he shaped in person, and then denied that he was in any way connected with the publi- cation of that work. Another important incident in the career of Voetius was his contest with Cocceius ((). v.), which lost its theological and ecclesiastical char- actor in a brief time, and became bitterly political and liersonal, and was not even terminated by the decease of the two belligerents. The partisans of the Cocceian Federal theology were republicans in their general ten- dency, while the Voetians were, as a rule, Orangeists. The last decades of the life of Voetius were agitated b\' a controversy with the celebrated Jean de Labadie, be- gun on account of the separatist tendency of the latter. Several works of attack and defence were issued on either side; but peace had not been restored when Voetius died. Nov. 1, 1676. He left three sons: Paul, professor of jurisprudence at Utrecht; Daniel, profess- or of philosophy; Nicholas, preacher at Heusden and Utrecht; and a grandson, John, professor of jurispru- dence at Herborn and then at Utreclit.
With all the faults of his character, Voetius was an earnest and sincere Christian, and a most devoted ser- vant of the Church. Few men have in any age exer- cised greater influence over the Church of their time
and country. No satisfactory life of Voetius has yet. been written ; but comp. Giibel, (Jesc/i. d. christl. Lehens ill d. rhein.-westph. evanr/. Kirche, ii, 1 ; Burman, Traj. A'ruii. p. 396 sq. ; Ypey, Gesch. d. cin: Kerk in de 18. Eemv, viii, 122 sq. The most notable works of Voetius are, Exercit. I'ietatis (Gorinch. 1G44) : — Selectee Dispii- tatt. rheol. (Traj. 1648, 5 vols.) ■.—Politic. Ecdes. (Am- sterd. 1G63, 4 vols.) •.—Diatribe de Theoloyia (16G8): — Erpenii Biblioth. Arabica cum Aiigmento (1667) : — Ex- ercitia et Biblioth. Studiosi Theolocjiie (Lips. 1()G8 S(.\.). See, in addition, Disquis. Hist.-theol, de Pugna inter Voet. et Cartes. (Ludg. Bat. 1861); and Herzog, Real- Enc/j- klop. s. V.
Vogel, David, a Lutheran theologian of Germany, was born Sept. 12, 1674, at Kcinigsberg, in Prussia. He studied at Leipsic ; was appointed, in 1713, second court- preacher at his native place, and in 1714 professor of theology besides; and died May 14, 1736. He wrote, Disputatio de Festo Natieitatis Christi: — De Slabiilo Bethlehcmitico : — De Quoestione: an Creaiio Mumli ex Lnmine Nutune Demonstrari Queat? etc. See Arnold, Historie der kOniffsberf/ischen Unicersitdt; Jocher, All- f/emeines Gelehrten-Lexikon, s. v. (B. P.)
Vogel, Georg Johann Ludwig, a German schol- ar, well known by his contributions to the text of the Old Test., was born March 12, 1742, at Feuchtwangen, and died Feb. 12, 1776, at Altdorf. Besides editing Ke- land's Comp. Antiquitatum Ilebrworum (Halle, 1769), and L. Capelli Critica Sacra, sive de Variis quce in iSa- cris V. T. Libris Occurrunt, etc. (ibid. 1775-78), he wrote De Codice Bibliorum Ilebraicorum Uelmstadiensi (Helm- stiidt, 1766) : — De Locis Quibusdam Pentateiichi (ibi<l. 1766): — Num Lingua Hebriea Dices an Pauper Did Mereatur (ibid. 1766): — Fr. Vatabli Annotationes in Psulmos, subjunctis Hug. Grotii Notis, etc. (ibid. 1767) ; — Observationes Critical in Varias quasdam Leciiones Codicis Ifebrcei Sci-ipti Bibliothecce A cademicce Helmst. (Halle, 1766) : — Diss, de Matribus Lectionis Librario- rum olim A rbitrio Relictis (ibid. 1767) : — Diss. Inscrip- fiones Psalmorum Serius Additas Videri (ibid. 17G7). etc. See Fiirst, Bibl. Jud. iii, 484 sq. , Winer, llandbuch der theol. Lit. i, 93, 94, 96, 137, 187, 205,207,211,215, ii, 818; Steinschneider, Bibl. Hamlbuch, p. 144. (B. P.)
Vogel, Johann Jakob, a Protestant theologian and historian of Germany, was born May 4, IGGO, at Leipsic, where he also studied and was promoted as magister artium. In 1686 he was called as deacon to Taucha, and in 1697 as pastor to Panitsch, near Leipsic, where he died, July 16, 1729. He wrote, Leben des pdpstlichen Gnaden-Predigers oder A blass-Crdmers Joh. Tetzels (Leips. 1717). See Winer, flandbuch der theol. Lit. i, 750, Jucher, Allgemeines Gelehrten-Lexikon, s. v. (B. P.)
Vogel, Matthaeus, a Lutheran theologian of Germany, was born Sept. 7, 1519, at Nuremberg. He studied at Tubingen and Wittenberg, and was called in 1544 as pastor to Lauffen, not far from Nuremberg. In 1548 he was appointed deacon at St. James's in his na- tive place, but had to leave it in 1549 on account of his opposition to the Formuke interimisticce. He went to Weblau, where he labored for four years, and in 1554 he was called as cathedral preacher to Konigsbcrg, occupy- ing also from 1557 the theological chair. The Osian- drian controversy made it necessary for him in 15GG to leave the realm of Prussia, and he went into Suabia, was pastor at Ilornberg in 1568, in 1569 pastor and superintendent at Geppingen, and in 1580 counsellor and abbot at Alpirspach. He died Dec. 3, 1591. He is known as the author of Thesaurus Theologicus ex Sola Sac7-a Scriptunt Depromptus. See Fischlin, Me- moria Theolognrum Wirtenhergensium , id. Vitte Prteci- puoruni Ca/ici lliiriornm et Procancelkwiorum Ducatus Wirtebergici ; Salig, Historie der augspurgischen Con- fession; Hartknoch, Preussische Kir chen- Historic; Ar- nold, Historie der konigsbergischen Univei'sitat ; Jocher, ,1 llgemeines Gelehrten-Lexikon, s. v. (B. P.)