Pflug, Julius, a German theologian, noted in the Reformation history of his country's Church, was born at Merseburg near the opening of the 16th century. He was the son of a nobleman, and a favorite of the em- peror Charles V, who sent him in 1541 as one of the col- locutors to the synod at Regensburg (q. v.), which re- sulted in the adoption of the Augsburg Interim (q. v.). Pflug was selected by the emperor as president of the approaching synod at Regensburg. About that time the chapter of the cathedral at Xaumburg-Zeitz elected him bishop, but he was unable to assume his episcopal duties until after the battle at Miihlberg. In 1557 he presided at the Synod of Worms, and died in 1504. Pflug was a moderate Romanist, and though associated with Eck, shared none of his extravagant and extreme ideas. He earnestly desired peace, and though he may here and there have consented to measures rather equiv- ocal and questionable, he probably sought only the peace and union of the Church. See Ranke, Hist, of the Pa- pacy, i, 117 sq. ; Planck, Gesch. der protest. Theol. vol. vi; Alzog, Kirchengesch. ii, 309 sq. (J. II. W.)
Pha'ath-Mo'ab (4>aaS Mam/3 v. r. <fr$a\ii Mw- o/3f('c), a Gra?cized form (1 Esdr. v, 11) of the Heb. name (Ezra ii, G; Neh. vii, 11) Pahatii-Moab (q. v.).
Phac'areth (QaicaptS v. r. <&axapi$), a corrupt Grnecized form (1 Esdr. v, 34) of the Heb. name (Ezra ii, 57 ; Neh. vii, 59) Pocheretii (q. v.).
Phcedo(n) of Elis, a noted ancient Grecian phi- losopher, was a native of Elis, and of high birth. He was taken prisoner in his youth, and passed into the hands of an Athenian slave-dealer ; and being of con- siderable personal beauty was compelled to prostitute himself. It was in the summer of B.C. 400 that Phaedo was brought to Athens. A year would thus remain for his acquaintance with Socrates, to whom he attached himself. According to Diogenes Laertius he ran away from his master to Socrates, and was ransomed by one of the friends of the latter. Suidas says that he was accidentally present at a conversation with Socrates, and besought him to effect his liberation. Various ac- counts mentioned Alcibiades, Crito, or Cebes as the person who ransomed him. Cebes is stated to have been on terms of intimate friendship with Phaedo, and to have instructed him in philosophy. Phaedo was present at the death of Socrates, while he was still quite a youth. From the mention of his long hair it would -inn that he was not eighteen years of age at the time, as at that age it was customary to cease wearing the hail long (Becker, ChnriLh .-■. ii, 382). That Phaedo was
I'lLKDRUS
56
PIIALKAS
on terms of friendship with Plato appears likely from in whicb he is introduced in the dialogue which takes its name from him. Other stories thai were current in the schools Bpoke of their relation as heing thai of enmity rather than friendship. Several philos- ophers were ungenerous enough to reproach Phaedo with his previous condition, bul £schines named one of his dialogues after Phaedo. Phaedo appears to have lived in AiImus some time after the death of Socra- tes. He then returned to Elis, where he became the
founder of a scl 1 of philosophy, which appears to
have resembled in tendency and character the Me- garic school. Anchipylus and Moschus are mentioned ,- disciples. He was succeeded by Pleistanus, after whom the Elean school was merged in the Ere- trian.
( »f the doctrines of Phaedo nothing is known, except as they made their appearance in the philosophy of Menedemus. Nothing can safely be inferred respecting them from the Phaedo of Plato. None of Phaedo's writ- ings have come down to us. They were in the form of dialogues. 'Mure was Bome doubt in antiquity as to which were genuine, and which were not. l'aiuetius attempted a critical separation of the two classes, and the Zwirvpoc and the- "2'tp.wv were acknowledged to be genuine. Besides these, Diogenes Laertius (ii, 105) mentions as of doubtful authenticity the Nuciac, M»j- &or, 'Avripaxos h irpt<T(3irai, and EkvSucoi \uyoi. In addition to these Suidas mentions the St/t/uac, AX- Kijiiaii/r. and KpiroXaog. It was probably from the Zopyrus thai the incident alluded to by Cicero (De Fain. 5 : Tusc. Disp. iv. 37, § 80), Maximus Tyr. (xxxi, 3), and others, was derived. Seneca (Ep. 94, 11 i has a translation of a short passage from one of his pieces. See Eabricius, Bibl. Grec. ii. 717; Scholl, Gesch. der Grieck, Lit. i. 175; Preller,in Ersch andGruber's Encg- Jdop. s. v. Smith, Diet. qf( 'lass. Biog. s. v. ; comp. Prel- ler, Phcedon's Lebensschicksah ». Schriften in the Rhein. Museum/. Philos. 1846, p. 391 sq., now in his Kleint Schriften, ed. by B, Kbhler.
Phaedrus, an Epicurean philosopher! and contem- porary of Cicero, became acquainted with the greal or- ator in his youth at Rome, and during his residence in Allien- i B.C. 80) Cicero renewed his acquaintance with him. Phaedrus was at that time an old man. and was presidenl of the Epicurean school. He was also on term- of friendship witli Velleius, whom Cicero intro- duces as tic defender of the Epicurean tenets in tin' De Nat. Deor. (i, 21, 5; 58). He occupied the position of head oi the Epicurean scln.nl till B.C. 70, and was suc- ceeded by Patron. Cicero (AdAtt. \iii..".'.'i mentions. according to the common reading, two treatises by Phaedrus, $aiSpov —uxanwv et 'EXXaSoq. The first title i- corrected on MS. authority to flepi Jiwr. Some critic- fa- Petersen) suppose that only one treatise is of, [Ifpi Ztwv teal IlaXXadoc. < ttbers (among whom is Orelli, Omni. '/'»/!. s. v. Phaedrus) adopl the reading et 'EXXaBoc, or, at least, suppose thai two treat- ies are spoken of. An interesting fragment of the former work was discovered at Herculaneum in 1806, and was tir.-t published, though not. recognised a- thf work ol Phaedrus, in a work entitled Herculanensia, or Archaeological and Philological Dissertations; contain- ing a Manuscript found among tht Ruins of Herculane- um (Lond. 1810). A better edition was published by Petersen (Phedri Epicurei, vulgo Anonymi Herculanm- sis, <h Nat. /''I'/: Fragtn, Hamb. 1833). Cicero was largely indebted i" this work oi Phaedrus for the mate- rials of the tir-t hook of his />: Natura Deoru Not only is the development of the Epicurean doctrine (c. 16, etc) taken from it, but the erudite account of the doc- trines "I earlier philosophers put in the mi. nth of Vel- leius is a mere translation from Phaedrus. See Fabri- cius, /■"'./. Grate, iii. 608; Krische, Forschungen aufdem Chi,!, der alien PhiL i, 27, etc ; Preller, in Ersch and Gruber'e EncykL— Smith, Diet, of Gr. and Rom, Biog. and Myth"!, a. \ .