Literature. — For an account of Philo's philosophical and theological system in general, the reader is referred to Mosheim's notes on Cudworth, p. 640-649 [transl. by Harrison, ii, 320-333], where Philo's influence on Pa- tristic divinity and early heresy, especially the Sabel- lian, is clearly traced ; to Ritter, Hist, of Phil, [transl. by Morrison]", iv, 407-478 ; and to Dbllinger, The Gen- tile and the Jew [transl. by Darnell], ii, 398-408 ; Nean- der, Hist, of Christ. Dogmas, xi, 135 sq.; id. Ck. Hist. p. 58 sq. ; Ueberweg. Hist, of Philos. i, 222 sq.; Schaff, Hist, of the Aposf. Ck. p. 176 sq. ; Tennemann, Hist, if Phil. p. 170 sq. ; Fabricius, Bis. de Platimismo Philonis (Leips. 1693, 4to) ; id. Sylloge Bissertat. (Hamb. 1738, 4to) ; Stahl, A ttempt at a Systematic Statement of the Boct lines of Philo of Alexandria, in the Allgem. Bibl. der Bibl. Literatur of Eichhom, torn, iv, fasc. v ; Schrei- ter, Ideas of Philo respecting the Immortality of the Soul, the Resurrection, and Future Retribution, in the Analecten of Keil and Tzchimer, vol. i, sec. 2; see also vol. iii, sec. 2 ; Scheffcr, Qucestiones, pt. i, ii, 1829-31 ; Grossmann, Queestiones Philonianw, pt. i, Be theologies Philonis fontibus et auc/oritate (1829); Gfrbrer, Philo itnd die A lexandrinische Theosophie (1831, 1835, 2 vols.) ; Diihne, Geschichtliche Darstellung <I< r jiidisch-ali xan- drinischen Religionsphilosopkie (1831). pt. i; id. in the Theol Studien und Kritiken, 1833, p. 984; Bucher, Phi- lonische Studien (1848) ; Creuzer, Kritik der Schriften
des Juden Philon, in Theol. Studien und Kritiken, Janu- ary, 1832. Philo's opinions about the divine Logos have been warmly discussed. The ancients, as we have seen, were fond of identifying them with Christian doctrine; Mangey, in the middle of the last century, accompanied his splendid edition of Philo's works (2 vols, fol.) with a dissertation, in which he made our author attribute, in the Christian sense, a distinct personality to the Logos; bishop Bull had stated a similar opinion (Bef. Fid. Nic. [transl. by the Rev. Peter Holmes for the Anglo. Cath. Lib.], i. 31-33); and, more recently, Bry- ant {Sentiments of Philo Jud. concerning the Xoyoc) ; and, very lately, Pye Smith (Messiah, i, 573-600). But the conclusions of these writers, however learnedly asserted, have been abundantly refuted in many works; the chief of which are Carpzovii Disput. de Xoyw Phi- lonis, non Johannis, ad versus Mangey (1749) : Caesar Mor- gan's Investigation of the Trinity of Pluto and of Philo Jud. ; Burton's Hampton Lectu?-es, note 93, p. 550-560 ; and Dorner's Person of Christ [Clarke], i, 22-41. (See also the able articles of professors H. B. Smith and Moses Stuart, in the Bibliotheca Sacra, vi, 156-185, and vii, 696-732.) An interesting review of Philo's writings and their relation to Judaism, from the Jewish point of view, occurs in Jost's Geschichte des Judenthums, i, 379— 393 (the chapter is designated Die Gnosis im Juden- thume); Griitz, Gesch. der. Juden, iii, 298 sq. ; Schultz, Die jiidische Religionsphilosophie in Gelzer's Prot. Mo- natsblatt, vol. xxiv. No. 4 (Oct. 1864); Clemens, Die 'Tin rapeuten (Kbnigsb. 1809) ; Georgius, Ueber die neu- esten Gegensdtze in A nji'assiuig di-r Alexandria. R>-li- gionsphilosophie in Illgen's Zeitschr. f. hist. Theol. (1839), Nos. 3 and 4 ; Keferstein, Philos Lehre v. d. Mit- telwesen (Leips. 1846) ; Wolff, Die Philonische Philoso- phie (ibid. 1849; 2d'ed. Gothenb. 1858); Frankel, Zur Ethik des Philo, in Mmtatschrift f. Gesch. u. Wissensch. d. Judenthums, July, 1867; Delaney, Philon d'Alexan- drie (Paris, 1867).
We ought not to close this article without noticing the old opinion which made Philo the author of the beautiful Book of Wisdom in the Apocrypha. This opinion, which was at one time very prevalent, has not stood its ground before recent critical examination. For the literature of the question we can only refer our readers to Prof. C. L. W. Grimm's Das Buch der Weis- heit, Einleitung, sec. 6, where the authorities on both sides are given. Corn, a Lapide, in Librum Sapientias, also discusses Philo's claims to the distinguished honor which tradition had conferred on him, but decides against him [new edition by Vives, viii, 264].
Besides Mangey's edition of Philo, above referred to, we mention Turnebus's edition (Paris, 1552, fol.), emended by Hoeschelius (Colon. Allobrog. 1613; Paris, 1640; Francof. 1691) ; Pfeiffer's edition, incomplete (Er- langen, 1785-92, 5 vols. 8vo), and the convenient edition by Richter (Leips. 1828-30J 8 vols. 12mo). This last contains not only a reprint of Mangey, in the first six volumes, but two supplementary volumes of Philo's writings, discovered by Angelo Mai in a Florentine MS., and by Bapt. Aucher in an Armenian version, and trans- lated by him into Latin. What an edition of Philo ought to be to deserve the approbation of the critical student has been pointed out by different German theologians, most recently by Creuzer, in Theol. Stu- dien u. Kritiken, 1832, p. 1-43. A popular and cheap edition was published at Leipsic (1851-53); also Phi- lonea, ed. Tischendorf (Leips. 1868). A fuller account of these editions, with a list of the various versions of Philo's writings, which have been made from time to time into Latin, Hebrew, German, French, Italian, Span- ish, and English, is contained in Fiirst's Bibl. Jud. Filrst adds a catalogue of all' the leading works in which Philo and his writings have been treated. To his list of versions we must here add the useful one published by Mr. Bohn, in four vols, of his Eccl. Library, by Mr. Yonge.