The Philo who is spoken of as an Athenian and a disciple of Pyrrhon, though ridiculed by Timon as a sophist, can hardh be different from Philo the dialecti- cian (Diog. Laert ix. 67, 69). Jerome (Jov. 1 1 speaks of Philo the dialectician and the author of the Mi next - nus as the instructor of Carne.ades. in contradiction to chronology, perhaps in order to indicate the sceptical direction of his doctrines.— Smith. Did. of Class. Biog.
S. V.
Philo THE Monk. An ascetic treatise, bearing the name of Philo Monachus, w hum t !ave I Hist. Litt. p. 17ti> deems to he much later than the other ecclesiastical writers of the same name, is preserved in the library of Vienna [Cod. Theol.S2b, No. 15). It is entitled Contra Pulchritudinem Feminarum. -Smith. Diet, of Class. Biog. s. v.
Philo THE l'v rHAGOREAN. ( !1( mens Alcxandrinus
(Strom, i. 305) and So/omen (i, 12) mention Philo 6 tlvSayvpeiog. It is probable from their language that they both mean bj tin- person so designated PhiloJu- i>-i;is. .loiisius (ibid, iii. c iv. p. 17) is Btronglj of opinion that Philo the elder and this l'hilo mentioned by Clemens are the same. Fabricius, who once held
this opinion, was led to change his views | Bibl. i. 862), and taciih assumes (iv, 738) that So/omen indicated
Philo Jucueus by this epithet,— Smith, Diet, of Class. Biog. s. v. Philo iim: Rhetorician \ni> Philosopher. Cave,
Giacomellu8, and Ernesti are of opinion that this is no oi her than Philo Carpathius (q. v.). His sera agrees with this, for the philosopher is quoted bj Athanasius Sinaita, who flourished about A.D. 561. We need nut he star- tle, I at the term philosopher as applied to an ecclesiastic. This was not uncommon, Michael Psellus was t. rmed the prince of philosophers, and Nicetas «:i- surnamed, in the same way as l'hilo. pnrotp Kai piXocoi og Be- sides, Polybius, in the life of Epiphanius, expressly calls Philo of Carpal Ilia KXnpucup airb pnropuiv, which Tillemonl and others erroneously understand to mean a man who has changed from the profession of the law to that of the Church. Ca\e shows that the 6fjT(Op held
PIIILO
117
PHILOLOGY
an office in the Church itself, somewhat analogous to our professorship of ecclesiastical history. Our only knowl- edge of Philo, under this name, whether it be Philo Car- pathius or not, is from an inedited work of Anastasius Sinaita, preserved in the library of Vienna and the Bod- leian. Glycas {A nnal. p. 283, etc.), it is true, quotes as if from Philo, but he has only borrowed verbatim, and without acknowledgment, from Anastasius. The work of Anastasius referred to is entitled by Cave Demon- strate Historica de Magna et Angelica summi Sacerdo- tis Dignitate. Pbilo's work therein quoted is styled a Church history, but, if we may judge from the only specimen of it we have, we need hardly regret its loss. It consists of a tale regarding a monk, that, being ex- communicated by his bishop, and having afterwards suffered martyrdom, he was brought in his coffin to the church, but could not rest till the bishop, warned in a dream, had formally absolved him. See Cave, Hist. L it/, p. 176 (ed. Geneva, 1720); Fabricius, Bill. Grcec. vii, 420. — Smith, Diet, of Class. Biog. s. v.
Philo Senior. Josephus (Apion, i, 23), when enu- merating tbe heathen writers who had treated of Jew- ish history, mentions together Demetrius Phalereus, Philo, and Eupolemon. Philo he calls the elder (6 TrptnjiuTipoc), probably to distinguish him from Philo Judanis, and he cannot mean Herennius Philo, who lived after his time. Clemens Alexandrinus (Stromat. i, 146) also couples together the names of Philo the elder and Demetrius, stating that their lists of Jewish kings differed. Hence Vossius thinks that both authors refer to the same person {De Hist. Grcec. p. 486, ed. Westermann). In this Jonsius agrees with him, while he notices the error of Josephus, in giving Demetrius the surname of Phalereus (De Script. Hist. Phil, iii, 4, p. 17). As Huetius (Demonstrat. Evangel, p. 62) was of opinion that the apocryphal Book of Wisdom was written by this Philo, he was necessitated to consider him as a Hellenistic Jew, who, unskilled in the origi- nal Hebrew, had it translated, and then expanded it, in language peculiar to his class {ibid. p. 62, 246, etc.). Fabricius thinks that the Philo mentioned by Josephus ma)r have been a Gentile, and that a Philo different from either Philo Judanis or senior was the author of the Book of Wisdom. Eusebius (Prwp. Evangel, ix, 20, 24) quotes fifteen obscure hexameters from Philo, without giving hint of who he is, and merely citing them as from Alexander Polyhistor. These evidently form part of a history of the Jews in verse, and were written either by a Jew, in the character of a heathen, as Fabricius hints is possible, or by a heathen acquaint- ed with the Jewish Scriptures. This is, in all proba- bility, the work referred to by Josephus and Clemens Alexandrinus. Of course the author must have lived before the time of Alexander Polyhistor, who came to Rome B.C. 83. It is doubtful whether he is the same as the geographer of the same name. — Smith, Diet, of Class. Biog. s. v.
Philo of Tahsus, a deacon. He was a companion of Ignatius of Antioch, and accompanied the martyr from the East to Rome, A.D. 107. He is twice men- tioned in the epistles of Ignatius (Ad Philadelph. c. xi ; Ad Smynxeos, c. xiii). He is supposed to have writ- ten, along with Rheus Agathopus, the Martyrium Tg- natii, for which see Ignatius. See Cave, Hist. Litt.]). 28 (ed. Geneva, 1720) Smith, Diet, of Class. Biog. s. v.