For a complete, and withal succinct examination of
PIIILO
116
PIIII.o
tin- entire field of Philo's opinions, we refer to Berzog's Real-Encyklop. xi, 578 603. Shorter and more accessi- ble, bu( inevitably imperfect, notices occur in Smith's Diet, of Gr. and Rom, Biog. and Mythol. iii, 309 sq.; Schaff's Ipostotic Church [Clarke ,p.2U 214; Home's Introduction by Eyre . p. 277, 278; [by Davidson], 165; Davidson's Hermeneutics [Clarke, L843 ,p. 63 •''•">: Fairbairn's HermeneuU Man. p. 47. A temper- ate review of Jowett's Dissertation on Philo and St. J'mil may be found, written by Dr. .1. I!. Lightfoot. in f Philology, iii. 119 121; and for sound views respecting Philo's doctrine of the Xoyoc, as bear- ing n|i(iii the writings of the New Test., Bee Meander's Planting of the Christian Church \ Bonn], ii, 13-15 ; Westcott's Introduction, p. 138-143, and Tholuck's St. John | Clarke], p. 62-67. The interest of Jews in the writings "I' their philosophic countryman is curiously exhibited in the Hebrew version of certain of them. These are enumerated by Furst, Bibl.Judaica,ii,90. As. (!«■' Rossi, one of the translators, lias revived Philo's syn- onym Jedidiah,by which he was anciently designated in Rabbinical literature (sec Bartolocci, ut sup., and Steinschneider's Bodl. I 'atal. s. v. Philon). (.1. II. W.) Philo Carpathius (from Carpathus, an island north-east of Crete), or, rather. Carpasii - (from Car- pasia, a town in the north of Cyprus), an Eastern ec- clesiastic, flourished about the opening of the 5th cen- tury. His birthplace is unknown, but he derived this cognomen from his having been ordained bishop of Carpasia by Epiphanius, the well-known bishop of Con- stantia. Accordingto the statements of Joannes ami Po- lybius, bishop of Rhinoscuri, in their life of Epiphanius ( Vita /yiiji/m/,. eh. xlix), Philo, at that time a deacon, was sent, alone; with some others, by the sister of the emperors Arcadius ami Honorius, to bring Epiphanius to Rome, that through his prayers ami the laying on of hands she might he saved from a dangerous disease under which she was laboring. Pleased with Philo, Epiphanius not only ordained him bishop of Carpasia. bul gave him charge of his own diocese during his ah- sence. This was about the beginning of the 5th cen- tury (Cave, Hist. Litt. p. 240, ed. Genev.). Philo Car- pasius is principally known from his commentary on the Canticles, which he treats allegoricafly. A Latin translation, or. rather, paraphrase of this commentary, with ill-assorted interpolations from the commentary i.f Gregorius [, by Salutatus, was published (Paris, 1537, and reprinted in the Biblioth. Put. Lugdun. vol. v).
Fragments pf Philo's < mentary are inserted in that
on the Canticles, which is falsely ascribed !<• EusebiuS,
edited by Meursius (Lugd. Batav. 1617). In these he is simply named Philo, without the surname. Bandu- rins. a Benedictine monk, promised in 1705 a genuine edition, which he never fulfilled. An edition, however, was published from a Vatican Ms. in 1750, under the Epiphanius, and edited by Fogginius. The most important edition, however, is that of ( iiacomelhts
(K ■ 1772), from two MSS. This has the original
Greek, a Latin translation, with notes, and is accom- panied by tin entire (.nek text ,,)' the Canticles, prin- cipalis from the Alexandrian recension. This i- r< - printed in (. allaml. A'. Bibl. /■/'. ix.7i:;: Ernesti i NeuesU Theolog. Bibl, vol. iii. pi. \i i. jn a review of this edition, of whhi, he thinks highly, i> of opinion that the com- mentary, as we now have it. is DU( ..,,, abridgment of the original. Besides this commentary, Philo wrote on various parts both ol the Did ami New Test., fragments of which are contained in the various Catena, See Snidas. s. v.: Cave. /.<•.,• Fabricius, Bibl. Grac vii, 398, 611; viii,645; \. 179. Smith, Diet, of Gr. and Rom.
Biog, s. v. C p. Herzog, Real-Encyklopddie, s. v.
Philo i in hi \ w. Sec Philo mi Mi -
GARl \n.
Philo "I L.ARIS8A, an academic philosopher of
Athens, flourished in the century preceding the Chris- tian sera. He quitted the Greek capital on the success
of the army of Mithridates, and went to Home, where be had I icem tor a disciple. He gained renown by his services to philosophic science. lie furnished a more
complete and systematic division of the different branches
of philosophy, and was more methodic in hi- ti rins. He is also often spoken of as the founder of the third acad- emy. See Tennemann, Manual of Hist, of Philosophy ; Ceberweg, Hist, of Philosophy (see Index in vol. ii i.
Philo THE MeGARIAN, or Di \ii i in Ian. was a dis- ciple of Diodorus Cronus, and a friend of Zeno, though older than the latter, if the reading in Diogenes Laer- tius (vii. Ii'm is correct. In ids Menexenus he men- tioned the five daughters of Ids teacher (Clem. Alex. Strom, iv, 528, e"d. Potter), and disputed with him re- specting the idea of the possible, and the criteria of the truth of hypothetical propositions. With reference to the first point, Philo approximated to Aristotle, as he recognised that not only what is, or will be, is possible - as Diodorus maintained), but also what is in itself con- formable to the particular purpose of the object in ques- tion, as of chaff to hum (kcitu tyiXrjv Xeyousvov i—i-i]- dewrnra; Alex. Aphrod. Nat. Qual. i, 14; comp. on the whole question Harris, in Dpton's Arriani Dis- sertat. Epict, ii. 19, ap. Schweighauser, ii. 515, etc.). Diodorus had .allowed the validity of hypothetical prop- ositions only when the antecedent clause could never lead to an untrue conclusion, whereas Philo regarded those only as false which with a correct antecedent had an incorrect conclusion (Sext. Kmpir. C/r. Math, viii, 113, etc.; Hypotyp.i\,ll0; comp. Cicero, Acad.n, 47; De Fain, 6). Both accordingly had sought for criteria for cornet sequence in the members of hypothetical propo- sitions, and each of them in a manner corresponding to what he maintained respecting the idea of the possible. Chrysippus attacked the assumption of each of them.