lie tlin).
Conciliis, extant in MS., is ascribed to Photius oi ryre: this cannol i.e. a- -ohm- have supposed, i work as the Epitonu Aclorum Conciliorum,
i in MS., and ascribed to the more celebrated Photius, patriarch of Constantinople. See Tillemont, Mem, I.e.-. Cave, Hist. Lift, ad ann. 151, i. 143; Fa- bricius, Biblioth. Grose. \. 678; \ii. 358. Smith, Diet. d Roto. Biog. and Mythol. s. v.
Photizomenoi irtZouEvot, enlightened), a term
frequently used anion- the early Christians to denote the baptized ^- being instructed in the mysteries of the Christian religion. See Phos. Fhrat. See El phr \ 1 1 3. Phrenology (from (ppi]v, tJn mind, and \oyor, a
discourse), an empirical science, which claims to read the mental peculiarities of individuals by means of the exterior developments of the skulL It had its origin with Franz Joseph Gall, a physician of Germany, and was greath extended by Dr. Spurzheim, of the same country, and by George and Andrew Combe, of Scot- land. In this country ii has I, ecu chiefly popularized by the late L. X. and < >. S. Fowler. There is a Bprightly periodical, called the Phrenological Journal, published in New York, devoted to us advocacy. In accordance with its theory of the special functions of particular por- tions of the brain, it has mapped OUl tie- cranium into various "organs," as araativeness, pbiloprogenitiveness, etc., in the animal order: ideality, veneration, etc, in the aesthetic and moral: figure, time, tune, etc., in the perceptive, and so on. It has largely been used by itinerant lecturers as a method of indicating the char- acter of unknown persons, somewhat after the fashion ol fortune-telling, [ts claims to scientific value are not generally admitted by sound physiologists and mental philosophers, as neither its crauiological nor its psycho- logical theory and analysis agree with the besl settled principles of either of those departments ol self-knowl- edge. Its theological bearings are decidedly material- istic. For a fuller exposition the reader is referred to the works of the writers above cited. See also PSYCHOLOGY.
Phrontisterion (QpovTioiiipiov, <i place ofmeav- tation), a name anciently applied to denote monasteries as being places of education and schools of learning. Baptisteries were also occasionally called !>y this name, the catechumens being there educated in religious truth.
Phryg'ia (<Sfpvyia. perhaps from <ppvyio, hence parched), an inland province of Asia Minor, hounded on the north by Bithynia and Galatia. on the east by Cappadocia and Lycaonia, on the south by Lycia, l'i- sidia. and lsauria. and on the west by (aria. Lydia, and Mysia. Perhaps then' is no geographical term in the Xew Testament which is less capable of an exact defi- nition. Many maps convey the impression that it was co-ordinate with such terms as Bithynia, Cilicia, or Galatia. But in facl there was no Roman province of Phrygia till considerably after the first establishment ol Christianity in the peninsula of Asia Minor. The word was rather ethnological than political. and denoted. in a vague manner, the western part of the central n- gion of that peninsula. Accordingly, in two of the three places where it is used, it is mentioned in a man- ner not intended to he precise I i"if.\>n|Ttr rij V i!)nr; iav
Kai n)r VaXaTiKrjv \wpav, Acts xvi, 6; Bupx^pevoQ *'«:i;^ rrjv raXarixfjv x<*>Pav K"> Qpvyiav, Acts xviii, 23 I, t he former having reference to I he second mission- ary journey of Si. I'aul. the latter to the third. Nor is
lie- remaining passage (Acts ii. l") inconsistent with this view, tin' enumeration of those foreign Jews who
came to Jerusalem al Pentecost itl gh ii does follow,
in some degree,a geographical order) having no refer- ence to political boundaries. By Phrygia we must un- derstand an extensive district, which contributed por- tions to several Roman provinces, and varying portions at different times. In early times Phrygia seems to ha\e comprehended the greater pari of the peninsula of Asia Minor. Ii was subsequently divided into Phryg- ia Major on the south, and Phrygia Minor or EpictetUS (acquired) on tin- north-west lhe Romans divided the province into three districts: Phrygia Salmans on Phrygia Pacatiana on the west, and Phrygia
Katakekaumeiie (thi burnt) ill the middle. The i i-
try. .as defined by the specified limits. is for the al
pan level, and very abundant in corn, fruit, and wine. It had a peculiar and celebrated breed of cattle, and the line raven-black wool of the sheep around Laodicca on lhe Lycus was in high repute. The Marauder and the llermus were its chief rivers. The Phrygians »iti' a very ancient people, and are supposed to have formed. along '.vnii ihe Pelasgi, the aborigines of Asia Minor, .lews from Phrygia were present in .Jerusalem at the
PHRYGIANS
173
PHUT
Feast of Pentecost (Acts ii, 10). All over this district the Jews were probably numerous. They were first in- troduced there by Antiochus the Great (Josephus, A nt. xii, 3, 4) ; and we have abundant proof of their pres- ence there from Acts xiii, 14; xiv, 1, 19, as well as from Acts ii, 10. The cities of Laodicea, Hierapolis, and Co- lossal, mentioned in the New Testament, belonged to Phrygia, and Antioch in Pisidia was also within its lim- its (see the names). See Rosenmiiller, Bill. Geoff, iii, 43-4."); Leake, Geoff, of Asia Minor; Smith, Diet, of Class. Geoff, s. v. See Asia Minor.