PIETOSI
19G
PIGENAT
A brief account of pietism is given in Base's Church Hist, g 109; and for a fuller account, see Schrockb, Kir- chengesch. si it dt r Ref. \ iii, 255 291 : Pusey, On G* rman Theology, pt. i I p. 67 113); pt. ii, ch. \ ; Amand Saintcs. Crit. Hist, of Rationalism, ch. vii. SpenePs character and life may be Been in < ianstein's memoir of him : and in Weismann, p. 966 972. A philosophical view of pi- etism, as a necessary stage in the development of Ger- man religious life, is given by Dorner in the Stud. u. Kill. 1840, pt. ii, p. 137, " Ueber den Pietismus." Kah- ni>. w bo himself quotes from it | Hist, of Germ. Prot. p. 102 I, regards pietism as ministering indirectly to ration- alism : much in the same way a> bishop Fitzgerald crit- icised the similar evangelical movement of England (Aids to Faith, p. 19, etc.). The best account of pietism is to be tout nl in Horsbach, Spener u. seim ZeiL; Bret- Bchneider, Dii Grundlagi des evangelischen Pietismus; Marklin, Darstellung ». h'ii/il: des modernen Pietismus. Sec also Hurst. //i.--t.ii/'/,',iliiiini/i.<iii.vh. iiand iii : Hurst's Hagenbach, Church HisLoftk* 18th and 19th Centuries; Winkworth, Christian Singers of Germany, p. 257 sq.; M.ih. <hi. Rev. April. 1865, p. 316; Bibliotheca Sacra, July, 1865, p. 522; 1864, p. 224; Gass, Dogmengesch. ; Haag, Hist, des Dogmes. (J. H.W.)
Pietosi is the name of a celebrated Jewish family, called in Hebrew ~":vr, 'ft, which, like the families zTvrrn y: and ~"~":n i~. traced their origin to those Jews who were led into captivity after the destruc- tion of Jerusalem by Titus and Vespasian. To this fam- ily belong the following :
1. Bknjamin de, ben-Abr., b.-Jech., b.-Abr. Rofe,of Rome, who flourished in the middle of the 13th century, is the author of Q^H U" *I5U), a didactic poem (Prague,
_._..„. _--..-_^ religious hymns. See Zunz, Synagogale Poesie, p. 313 315; id. Literaturgeschichti ih r synagog. Poesie, p. 362 sq.; Steinschneider, Cata- logus Libr. Hebr. in Bibl. Bodl. p. 2767 sq. ; Dukes, Ozar Nachmad, ii. 199.
2. Jacob de, of Italy, wrote -~v~ r"". a great collectaneum of diverse matters (Livorno, 1800): — Z~V"~ *:~. novellas on the treatises Chullin and '/'<- mura < ibid. 1810): — i"HB3 rtSTO, another collectaneum (ibid.).
3. ZmkiA de, a brother of Benjafsin, wrote ^SIS -p;n. on Jewish rites and precepts (Venice, L546;
Sulzbach, 1699; Dul L794). See Wolf, Bibl. Hebr.
i, HiDl ; iii, 961 ; iv,962; Schorr, Kritische Untersuchung iiberdas Werk Schibbale ha-Leketh inZijyon (Frankfort- on-the-Main, 1841), i. 117 sq. ; Ftirst, Bibl. Jud. iii. 100. (B.P.)
Pietro, .Miciii'.ii Di,an Italian prelate of note, was horn Jan. L8, 1717. at Albano. After defending in pub- lic disputation at Home with great success some theo- logical propositions, be was appointed professor of eccle- siastical history in the Gregorian university, and of canonical law at the Roman archi-gymnasium. He took an important share in the work "I the co lion which examined the decisions of the Synod of Pis- toja favorable to Jansenism, and contributed with the learned Gerdil t" the redaction of the bull Auctorem fidei (1794). Pius VI, when he left Koine i 17ms,. made him apostolical Ii gate, and he had to give his ad\ ice in mam a delicate question; for instance, in that of the oath of hatred against royalty which was exacted from French clergymen. Pius \11 appointed him succes- sively patriarch of Jerusalem, cardinal (Feb. 23, 1801), and prefect of the Propaganda. When this pontiff was forced to lea\ e Rome 1 1809), Pii tro was chosen to occu- py his place : hut be «a- Boon compelled to betake him- self to Paris, and upon bis refusal to attend the religious celebration of Napoleon's marriage with Maria Louisa, lie was punished with banishment, loss of th of his dignities, and confiscation of his income. Rele- gated to Saumur with cardinals < iabrielli and ( >prizzpni,
confined in 1810 in the dungeon ofVincennes, lie joiner! the pope in 1813 at Fontainebleau, and was again sepa- rated from him in January, 1814. The political situa- tion finally allowed him to return to Koine, and be he- came grand penitentiary, prefect of the Index, bishop of Albano 1 1816), and of Porto and Santa-Ruffine 1 1820). He died at Rome July 2, 1821. This prelate, remark- able for his circumspection and flexibility, was consid- ered one of the luminaries of the Sacred College, for his theological lore and administrative abilities. Hoefer, \ out. Biog. <n nerdU . \l. 205.
Piety occurs but once in the A. V.: "Let them learn first to show pi fy at home" I r< v iSiov oikov einjt- 8iiv, better, " towards their own household," 1 Tim. v. 4). The choice of this word here instead of the more usual equivalents of "godliness," "reverence," and the like, was probably determined by the special sense of pietas, as "erga pareutes" (Cicero, Partit.22\ Rep.vi, 15; Inc. ii. 22). It does not appear in the earlier Eng- lish versions, and we may recognise in its application in this passage a special felicity. A word was wanted for tvat/3eiv which, unlike "showing godliness," would admit of a human as well as a divine object, and thi< piety supplied.— Smith.
1'ii t y . or godliness, only another name for personal religion, consists in a firm belief, and in right concep- tions of the being, perfections, and providence of God; with suitable affections to him. resemblance of his moral perfections, and a constant obedience to his will. The different articles included in this definition, such as knowledge, veneration, love, resignation, etc., are ex- plained in their proper places in this work. For Per- verted /'<</?/. see E Mill S.