eminent servant of Coil, and much to he honored." He made him bishop of Xepi. and in 1557 cardinal. In this new dignity Chisleri continued as before, -cere in his manner of life, poor and unpretending. He de- voted himself to his religious ex< mist - and to the In- quisition, lie was austere in his morals, and wished to enforce a strict discipline among the clergy, ami es- pecially the monk- and nun-, more than fifty thousand Of whom are said to have been at that time living and strolling about Italy out of their respective convents, regardless of any of the obligations enjoined by their order ( Botta, Storia cP Italia, bk. xii). There was also a monastic order in Lombardy called the "Umiliati," possessed of considerable wealth, the head- of w Inch led openly a most, dissolute life, and even kept bravoes or hired assassins to execute their mandates. Charles Bor- romeo, archbishop of Milan, who endeavored to check these atrocities, was shot at by one of the monks while
at prayers in his oratory. The ball, however ly
grazed the skin: the assassin was taken, and revealed his employers, and several preposti, or superiors of con- vents of the Umiliati, were executed. Pius V. having examined the wide affair, suppressed the order, and
gave their property to the. I. suits and Other orders, lie also enforced the authority of the Inquisition over all Italy. There were at that time in several towns, es- pecially in Tuscany, some scholars and Other men of learning who advocated the doctrines of the Reforma- tion. Some ladies, also, of high rank, who enjoyed a
reputation for learning, such as Vittoria Col ia. (iiulia
Gonzaga, and Margaret, the wife of Emmanuel Phili-
bcrt. duke of Savoy, were su-pocted of a similar bias.
I'm- demanded of I losmo, duke of Florence, the person ..I < larnesecchi, a Florentine nobleman w ho mad.' a pub- lic profe.-si if opinions considered as heretical: being
given up to the Inquisition, he was put to death at Kome. The same happened to Paleario, Bartocci, and Giulio Zanetti; the last, who was at Padua, beii
up to the pope by the Venetian senate, on the plea that be was a native of I'ano. and a subject of the Papal Stall.-. Numerous informers were kepi by the Inqui- sition in every town of Italy; and such w a- the terror produced by these severities that the Universitj of Pisa was almost deserted both by teachers and stu- dents. The pope also enforced the strict observance of the index of forbidden books, and enacted Bevere pen- tinsl those who printed or introduced or kept
BUCh books. The printing-proses of Italy, those of Gi- unti of Florence; and Others, declined greatly in conse- quence, and many printers emigrated to Switzerland or t o -rm.iiix . Pius Y Likewise enforced the canons against those priests who kept concubines; but instead of leav-
PIUS
245
PIUS
ing to the civil magistrates the repression of this abuse, he insisted upon the bishops acting both as magistrates and judges, attached armed men to their episcopal courts, and provided prisons for the punishment of offenders. Thus frequent collisions were occasioned between the secular and the ecclesiastical authorities, especially at Naples and Milan. Similar disputes took place also concerning the ecclesiastical inspectors and collectors sent by the pope to visit and demand accounts of all Church property throughout Italy. Pius proceeded on the principle asserted in the false decretals that the pope has the disposal of all the clerical benefices throughout the world. Hence he was also led to reintroduce the famous bull called "In coena Domini," which excom- municates all princes, magistrates, and other men in authority who in any way favor heresy, or who attempt to circumscribe the ecclesiastical jurisdiction, spiritual and temporal, or to touch the property or revenues of the Church ; and all those who appeal from the decision of the pope to the general council, as well as those who say that the pope is subject to the council. He ordered this bull, so ultramontane in spirit and tendency, to be read every Thursday before Easter in every parish church throughout the Christian world. France, Spain, and the emperor of Germany strenuously resisted the publication of this bull. In Italy the senate of Venice likewise forbade its publication. At Naples and Milan the Spanish governors did the same, but the bishops and monks refused absolution to those who in an}' way opposed the bull. After much altercation and some mis- chief, the civil power attained its object, and the bull was set aside. In Tuscany the bull was allowed to be published, but rather as a matter of form than as a meas- ure upon which judicial proceedings could be grounded. The monks and some of the parochial clergy, however, pretended by virtue of the bull to be exempt from all taxes, and refused the sacrament to the collectors and other revenue officers and their families. The duke of Florence, Cosmo de Medici, threatened to put the monks in prison and prosecute them. The Tuscan bishops tried to conciliate matters, and to repress the arrogance of the clergy, but the disturbances continued till the death of Pius V. To conciliate the Tuscan house, Pius created Cosmo de Medici, duke of Florence, by a bull dated Aug., 1569, grand-duke, and his successors heirs to the title, and sent with the bull the model of a crown ornamented with a red lily, the former ensign of the Florentine re- public. In the struggle with the Saracens, Pius was a great promoter of the Christian league ; and after the glorious victonr of Lepanto, won by the Christian com- bined fleet against the Turks in Sept., 1571, Pius caused Marc Antonio Colonna, commander of the papal galleys, who had distinguished himself in the battle, to make his triumphal entry into Rome on horseback, preceded by the Turkish captives and spoils, and accompanied by the magistrates, noblemen, and heads of trades of the city of Rome. Pius died in May, 1572, and was succeeded by Gregory XIII (q. v.). Pius V was can- onized by pope Clement XI in 1713. Though a truly pious man, seeking only the good of the Church, he yet failed, because extremely obstinate in maintain- ing his opinions. There was no getting him to retract even for the strongest reasons. He was opinionated; and whatever estimate he made he was sure to adhere to inflexibly. Unfortunately he suspected most men, and was not, therefore, very charitable towards any who incurred his displeasure. Besides, he was often disap- pointed ; for a character so stern was sure to make de- mands no one could meet, and hence he frequently alien- ated men, until his popedom proved nothing but an an- noyance to its ruler, and he was led to declare that it was not propitious to his piety; that it contributed nothing to the salvation of his soul, or to his obtaining the glory of paradise (Ranke, i, 262). His religion was certainly of a strange composition. He was so exclu- sive and bigoted as to cherish a bitter hatred against all Christians who differed from him in matters of faith ;