and while he strove with indefatigable zeal to root out every vestige of dissenting agitation that, yet survived in Roman Catholic countries, he persecuted with a still more savage inveteracy Protestants, whether such as had become free or those still struggling to be so. Thus he gave the papal troops who fought against the Hu- guenots the injunction " to take no prisoners, but to put all to death," and signified his approbation of Alva's sanguinary proceedings by sending him a consecrated hat and sword. Queen Elizabeth of England he put under ban. and Maximilian II he threatened with ex- communication if he should grant toleration (religious) to the Protestants. Surely this was a medley of sim- plicity, nobleness, personal strictness, devoted religious- ness, and morose exclusiveness, of bitter hate and bloody persecution. See Walch, Entwurfeiner vollst. Gesc/richie der rom. Pdpste, p. 392 sq. ; Catena, Vita del gloriosis- simopapaPio V; Ranke, Papacy, i, 259-277 ; Agatiodi Somma. Vida de Pio Quinto ; Furillet, Vie du Pape Pie V (1674) ; Falloux, Hist, de Saint Pie V (1844, 2 vols.) ; Mendham, Life and Pontificate of Saint Pius F(Lond. 1832, 1844); Bower, Hist, of the Popes (see Index); Soames, Elizabethean Hist, (see Index) ; Collier, Eccles. Hist, (see Index) ; Fisher, Hist, of the Reformation, p. 302, 411.
Pius VI, pope of Rome, whose original name was Giovanni Anr/elo di Braschi, descended from a noble family, and was born at Cesena, Italy, Dec. 27, 1717. He made his reputation very early in life, and was ele- vated to important ecclesiastical dignities at an unusu- ally early period. In 1766 he was made keeper of the papal exchequer, and in 1773 was honored with the car- dinal's hat. In 1775, upon the death of pope Clement XIV, better known as Ganganelli, cardinal Braschi, who had then the reputation of being of a generous disposi- tion, fond of learning and the arts, and had besides the advantages of a handsome person, a gracefid demeanor, and easy and affable manners, was chosen successor to the vacant pontifical chair. In his previous office of treasurer he had managed the financial affairs of the country with prudence and disinterestedness. In the first five years of his pontificate he occupied himself largely with public improvements, and displayed the same care and independence. But in his political career pope Pius VI was rather unfortunate. Even at his ele- vation, feeling that he had not the qualifications of a pol- itician, he predicted himself, to the conclave, an unhappy termination of his reign. Conciliatory in spirit, and de- termined upon the preservation of unity in the Church, he would frequently make concessions where stern op- position was more in place ; then again he would hesi- tate, often where prompt measures alone would suffice. Thus in 1777 a serious dispute arose with Leopold I, grand-duke of Tuscany, and Ricci (q.v.), bishop of Pis- toja, on the subject of some grave moral offences which had been discovered in several convents. The bishops, to be sure, had taken the liberty to act without papal con- sent, but the case warranted prompt proceedings, and these were not anticipated from Pius VI. Jealous of his authority in Church affairs, he endeavored to interfere, but without success, and saw himself at last passed by in the Council of Pistoja (q. v.), and when the ques- tion of jurisdiction was finally settled in a more satis- factory manner, it yet left a coldness between the courts of Rome and Tuscany. A more important disagree- ment took place in 1780 with emperor Joseph II. Leo- pold's brother, who, having control of the reins of pow- er under the emperor's queen, Maria Theresa, was bent on separating the Church from all papal jurisdiction. His first step was to suppress superfluous convents with- out papal consent, and to emancipate the clergy of his dominions from all papal interference in matters of discipline. It was the same question previously raised in Tuscany by Leopold. Joseph even went further, and took upon himself the nomination of bishops— even of those in Italy, and the pope readily saw in these pro- posed reforms nothing short of a design to weaken the
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influence of the see of Rome. Piua VI. not willing to leave unemployed any conciliatory i Bices al his com- mand, believed thai bis duty lay in a visit to the em- peror, and accordingly be Bet out for Vienna in 17m'. to Bettle matters by personal arrangement The Btep ., Uy. For several centuries no pontiff : left Italy. Monti wrote a poem on the re- e event, entitled 11 Pelkgrino Apostolico. Al \ the pope was received with every honor; yet
Pins failed to make any impression on tin- emperor, and the matter in discussion was referred to a mini-try un- favorable to papal claims. It was the same struggle as thai of France, Gallicanism againsl Cltramontanism, only this time the pope was himself inclined t" be the peace-maker between the contending factions in the Church. Pius VI tailed utterly in his mission, ami returned t<. Rome disappointed ami dejected, to he reproached for his good intentions, with having low- ered the dignity of his office, and encouraged the Gal-
lican tendencies in the church at large. The troubles doubled upon the outbreak of the French Revolution,
anil rendered the remaining years of his ] lilicate