1. As to the passages in the Gospels referred to above, tradition distinguishes the judgment- hall of Pilate, which is pointed out in the lower city (Korte, Reisen, p. 75 ; Troilo, p. 234 sq.), from the palace of king Herod ; and others have believed (as Rosenmiiller, Alterth. II. ii. 228) that the procurator took up his quarters in Jerusa- lem in the tower of Antonia, and sat in judgment there. The tradition has no weight; yet on general grounds we may believe, since the palace of Herod stood vacant and was roomy and suitable, that the procurators usual- ly resided there, surrounded by a body-guard, while the troops with their officers occupied the tower of Antonia (comp. Faber, A rchceologg, i, 321 sq.). A description of that marble palace of Herod, which joined the north wall of the upper city, and was so large and well forti- fied, is given by Josephus ( War, v, 4, 4 ; comp. A nt. xv, 9, 3 ). The Roman procurators, whose ordinary residence was at Caesarea (Acts xxiii, 23, etc.; xxv. 1, etc.), took up their residence in this palace when they visited Je- rusalem, their tribunal being erected in the open court or area before it. Thus Josephus states that Florus took up his quarters at the palace (iv toTc fiaotXtior:
uuXi'^tTai) ; and on the next day he had his tribunal set up before it, and sat upon it ( War, ii, 14, 8). Philo expressly says that the palace, which had hitherto been Herod's, was now called rf)V o'iKiai> tHiv imrpoTnov, " the house of the praetors" (Legat. ad Caium [ed. Franc], p. 1033). It was situated on the western or more elevated hill of Jerusalem, overlooking the Temple (Josephus, A nt. xx, 8, 1 1), and was connected with a system of forti- fications the aggregate of which constituted the izap- f/i/3o\j7, or fortified barrack. It was the dominant po7 sition on the western hill, and — at any rate on one side, probably the eastern — was mounted by a flight of steps, the same from which Paul made his speech in Hebrew to the angry crowd of Jews (Acts xxii, 1 sq.). From the level below the barrack a terrace led eastward to a gate opening into the western side of the cloister sur- rounding the Temple, the road being carried across the valley of the Tyropceon (separating the western from the Temple hill) on a causeway built up of enormous stone blocks. At the angle of the Temple cloister just above this entrance, i. e. the northwest corner [see Tem- ple], stood the old citadel of the Temple hill, the /3aptc, or Byrsa, which Herod rebuilt and called by the name Antonia, after his friend and patron the triumvir. After the Roman power was established in Judaea, a Roman guard was always maintained in the Antonia, the com- mander of which for the time being seems to be the offi- cial termed GTpartjyue. tov iepov in the Gospels and Acts. The guard in the Antonia was probably relieved regularly from the cohort quartered in the 7ropeju/JoX/;, and hence the plural form (jrpariiyoi is sometimes used, the officers, like the privates, being changed every watch; although it is very conceivable that a certain number of them should have been selected for the ser- vice from possessing a superior knowledge of the Jewish customs or skill in the Hebrew language. Besides the cohort of regular legionaries there was probably an equal number of local troops, who when on service acted as the "supports" (ot£«)Xa/3o(, coverers of the lit/lit flank, Acts xxiii, 23) of the former, and there were also a few squadrons of cavalry ; although itseems likely that both these and the local troops had separate bar- racks at Jerusalem, and that the TtaomfioXii, or praeto- rian camp, was appropriated to the Roman cohort. The ordinary police of the Temple and the city seems to have been in the hands of the Jewish officials, whose attendants (inrijptTctt) were provided with dirks and clubs, but without the regular armor and the discipline of the legionaries. When the latter were required to assist the gendarmerie, either from the apprehension of serious tumult, or because the service was one of great importance, the Jews would apply to the officer in com- mand at the Antonia, who would act so far under their orders as the commmander of a detachment in a manu- facturing town does under the orders of the civil mag- istrate at the time of a riot (Acts iv, 1; v, 24). But the power of life and death, or of regular scourging, rested only with the praetor, or the person representing him and commissioned by him. This power, and that which would always go with it — the right to press what- ever men or things were required by the public exigencies — appears to be denoted by the term i^ovuiri, a term per- haps the translation of the Latin imperium, and certain- ly its equivalent. It was inherent in the praetor or his representatives — hence themselves popularly called i£ovoiai, or k^ovoiai vTzipTtpai (Rom. xiii, 1, 3) — and would be communicated to all military officers in com- mand of detached posts, such as the centurion at Ca- pernaum, who describes himself as possessing summary powers of this kind because he was v~ ' tZovaiq. — cov- ered by the privilege of the imperium (Matt, viii, 9). The forced purveyances (v, 40), the requisitions for baggage animals (v, 41), the summary punishments following transgression of orders (v, 39) incident to a military occupation of the country, of course must have been a perpetual source of irritation to the peasantry along the lines of the military roads, even