Human remains occur in caverns promiscuously in- termingled with the bones of wild animals. Very rarely is a human skeleton found complete. Bones are often associated with implements of stone, bone, or reindeer's horn, and with traces of ancient fires. The bones of animals useful for food are frequently marked by the teeth of carnivorous quadrupeds, and the long ones are generally split and broken, as if for the extraction of the marrow. In some cases human bones have been similarly treated. All these relics are found imbedded, sometimes in beds of stalagmitic material, and some- times in deposits of loam and of pulverulent material known as bone -earth. The aggregate depth of the various accumulations reaches, in some cases, ten to twenty feet, or even more. The deposits in Kent's Cavern may serve as an illustration. We find here, beneath the fragments fallen from the roof — 1. " Black mould," consisting mainly of vegetable matter, and con- taining various articles of mediaeval, Roman, and pre- lioman date, three to twelve inches deep; 2. Stalag- mite, varying from a mere film to upwards of five feet in thickness, containing fragments of limestone, a hu- man jaw, and the remains of extinct animals; 3. A "black band," in a certain place about thirty- two feet from the entrance, consisting mainly of charcoal, and containing bone and flint implements; 4. Red "cave- earth," with stone implements and bones and teeth of extinct animals, including the cave -lion. 5. Stalag- mite, three to twelve feet, and enclosing only bones of the cave-bear; 6. Cave-earth, known as "breccia" — be- ing a dark-red sandy loam, and containing bears' bones. Three flint implements and one flint chip have been found also in the lowest layer. Another example may be taken from the rock-shelter of Aurignac, a shallow grotto opening on a hill-side, which seems to have been employed for burial. Until 1852 the opening was con- cealed by materials washed down the hill-slope. When uncovered, the cavityr within afforded the remains of seventeen human beings. In 18G0 M. Lartet discovered outside of the grotto, underneath the sloping talus, a layer containing the remains of extinct animals and some works of art; and beneath this, resting on a slop- ing terrace, a layer of ashes and charcoal, about six inches thick, covering an area of six or seven square yards, and terminating at the entrance of the grotto. In the midst of this were fragments of a sandstone red- dened by heat, and resting on a levelled surface of lime- stone, which appears to have been used as a hearth. From the ashes and the overlying layer was obtained a great variety of bones and implements, including two hundred flint articles — knives, projectiles, sling-stones, and chips, as well as a curious tool for working flints. The bone instruments embraced arrows without barbs, other tools of reindeer's horn, and a bodkin of the same. In the stratum overlying the ashes were found numer- ous bones of carnivora, also of reindeer, ox, rhinoceros, one hundred and sixty-eight human bones, and many fragments of sun-dried or half-baked and hand-made pottery. The extinct species found here were the cave- bear, cave-lion, cave-hyena, mammoth, two-horned rhi- noceros, and stag; but the remains of living species, especially of the fox, horse, reindeer, and aurochs, were much more abundant. Within the grotto, after the re- moval of the skeletons, there remained only about two feet of earth, with a subjacent band of lighter tint, and a bottom layer of yellowish color.
(2.) River-drifts. — These are thick beds of sand and gravel lining the valleys of certain rivers, and contain- ing a great variety of stone implements, chiefly of flint, with occasional occurrences of human bones, and more abundant remains of extinct quadrupeds of the species just cited, together with a smaller proportion of remains of living mammals; and, along the valley of the Somme, of fresh-water and marine shells, of species still living in France and along the contiguous coast. The river- valleys most celebrated for such discoveries are those, of the Somme, Seine, and Oise in France, and the Thames, Ouse, and Avon in England. The facts re- specting the valley of the Somme have been chiefly de- veloped by M. Boucher de Perthes (Ardiquiles Celtiques et Antediluviennes [1847]), MM. Rigollot, Pouchet, Gau- dry, Hebert, and the English savans Falconer, Prest- wich. Evans, and Lyell. We should mention here the delta of the Tiniere on the Lake of Geneva, investigated and described by Morlot, and more lately by Dr. An- drews of Chicago (Amer. Jour. Sci. [2] xlv, 180). In the deeper parts of these deposits remains of extinct quadrupeds predominate ; at higher levels, those of living quadrupeds. Rude flint implements abound be- low, improved forms above, and still higher occur some- times relics of Gallo-Koman times.
(3.) Loess and Moraines. — In the loess or loam, as well as in other deposits overlying the glacial drift, have been found occasional remains of man — as at Lahr, near Strasburg; at Maestricht, where human bones were associated with those of the mammoth and other ex- tinct animals ; at Kreuzberg, in the suburbs of Berlin ; at Bournemouth, England, on the top of a sea-cliff one hundred feet high, where flints occur in gravel ; in the drift-covered cliffs of Hampshire, and many other local- ities. At the bottom of an ancient glacier-moraine at Ravensburg, near Lake Constance, was found, in 1806, a great quantity of bones and broken instruments. Of the bones ninety-eight hundredths were those of rein- deer. The moraine, therefore, dates apparently from the " second glacial epoch."