Plague, Which is at Dresden, is one of his best works. II.- died ill 1626.
Procaccini, Ercole, tin elder, was the head of
rated family of artists of that name, lie wa9
born in 1520 at Bologna, where the greater number of
his works still exist. He died ahoul 1591, Authors
are di\ ided in opinion respecting his merit : Paldiiuicci anil .Mahasia call him a painter of moderate talent, while Lontazzo est< ems him to be a happy imitator of
the coloring and grace ofCorreggio. His design is too minute and his coloring too languid, but he possessed far more taste than most of bis contemporaries, and precision live from mannerism, which eminently quali- fied him for an instructor ofvouth. Several eminent
artists, among whom wereSamniacchini. Sabbat ini. Ber- toja, and his own three sons, were his disciples. — Eng- lish Cyclop, s. v. Those interested in his works may consult Spooner, Biog. Hist, ofth Fim -l rts, vol. ii.
Procaccini, Giulio Cesare, the best artist of the family, was bom in 1548. He renounced sculpture, in which he had made considerable progress, for paint- ing, which he studied in the school of the Caracci. The works ofCorreggio were the principal object of his studies, and many judges .are of opinion that no painter ever approached nearer to the st\ le of thai greal artist. In -oine ol his easel pictures and works ofconfuii d com- position he has been mistaken fori orreggio. A Ma- donna of his at .-sail Luigi de' Francesi has been en- graved as the work of that master: and some paintings still more closely approximating to this stj le are in the palace of Sanvitali at Rome and in that ofCarrega at Genoa. Ofhis altar-pieces, thai in the church of Santa Afra in Brescia is perhaps mosl like the style ofCor- reggio: it represents the Virgin and Child amid a smil- ing group of saints and angels, in which dignity seems as much sacrificed to -race as in the mutual smile of the Virgin and tin Angel in the Nunziata at San Antonio id" .Milan. He is sometimes blamable for extravaj attitude, as in the Executioner of San Nazario, which is oi heru ise a picture full of beauties. Notwithstanding the number and extent of his works, his design is cornet. his forms and draperies select, his invention varied, and the whole together has a certain grandeur and breadth which he either acquired from the Caracci. or. like them, derived from Correggio. He died in 1626. There are many of his works in Milan. — English Cyclop, s. v.
Procedure, Ecclesiasth \i. or the rules to be followed in the Church of Pome in disciplinary ac- tions. They owe their regulation to pope Innocent III. Previous to his time, it is true, the official vin- dication had assumed a more definite form in the synodal jurisdiction of the archdeacon. Put he per- fected them, and there are now in the Romish Church live kinds of penal procedures in use: the trial may be instituted in consequence of accusation, inquisi- tion, denunciation, exception, and on account ol noto- riety. The first and last had existed at a much earlier period. There was no need of a formal accusation in I he case of notorious t ransuressions. and the bishop pun- ished them in virtue ofhis office; of course, after the matter had been sufficiently proved and avowed. The proceedings were of a more formal kind when there was an accusation. Here the proceedings of the Roman law were taken for models. The inquisition or official examination took place when an ecclesiastic was ac- cused of a transgression by a public and plausible ru- mor, which acted, as it wire, as accusator. To com- plete th" Official examination, the judge could, if he thought fit, exact the oath of purgation (purgatio ca- nonical. The former custom of purgation by ordeals now came into disuse. If a plausible denunciation was made.au official examination must take place. If the fault was avowed, the penally was only the imposition
of a penance. Cases of exception were those where a man who was on the point of appearing as a witness or accuser, or a person who applied for ordination or for an ecclesiastical office, was stopped by an accusation,
which, if proved, unfitted him for bearing wilii.ss ,,r office. This was also an occasion for canonical purga- tion. Iii these cases punishment was oul of the ques- tion, and there could only follow an exclusion from the witness-stand, from the righl to accuse, from the orders or the function in question. Iii those parts where the Church is -till possessed of a penal jurisdiction, she lias to conform to the laws ami customs w hich regulate the
penal procedure of the- country. See Pieiier. />'.;>. air GescJudes Inquisitions-processes (Leips. 1827); Hilden- brand, Dit Purgatio Canonica >nnl Civilis (Munich, 1841); Walter. Kirchenrecht, >j 200; Richter, Kirchen- recht, $ 211. Aschbaeh, Kirchen-Lex. >.\.
PROCESS
611
PROCESSIONAL CROSS
Process, the formal act, instrument, bull, or edict of canonization (q.v.) in the Romish Church.
Procession, the Hebrew term rta^JT, halikah, rendered "going" in Psa. lxxviii, 25, means a religious procession, as described in the context, headed by the phylarchs, who preceded the sacred ark, while the in- strumental musicians followed it, and a line of females with timbrels accompanied it on either side. On the general subject see the monographs in Volbeding, Index Programmatum. p. 159. See Processions.