Since that conference the Filioque question has been much agitated in England, and it has been asserted, by High-Churchmen especially, that the exclusion of the Filioque from the Creed was granted by Dr. Dollinger and canon Liddon at Bonn. What the conference did may be stated as follows : It declared, as bishop Pear- son had already admitted, that the Filioque was in- serted in an oecumenical creed by an inadequate au- thority, and therefore irregularly. It formulated cer- tain propositions which might serve to show that when the Latins accept and the Easterns reject the Filioque they do not differ, as has been too generally supposed ; since the Latins reject any assertion of two principles or causes in the Godhead, and the Easterns admit a ^itairtia of the Son, in the eternal procession of the Holy Spirit from the Father. Whatever may have been the hopes and fears of individual members of the conference, no proposition was brought forward respecting the exclu- sion of the Filioque from the Creed of the Western Church. See Schaff, Creeds (Index in vol. iii) ; Forbes, Nicene Creed; Neale, Eastern Church (Introd.), 1095- 1 168 ; Stanley, Eastern Church ; Haag, Hist, des Dognies (Index in vol. ii) ; Martensen, Dogmatics (see Index) ; Mi iii. Quar. Jan. and April, 1876; New - Englander, Julv, 1870. See also Pusey's Letter to Liddon On the Clause " A nd the Son" (Lond. 1876, 8vo). (J. H. W.)
Processional (Lat. pi-ocessionale), the service- book which contains the prayers, hymns, and general ceremonial of the different processions. Many ancient books of this class have been preserved. The proces- sional approved for common use is that of Rome, of which many editions have been published. — Chambers, Cyclop, s. v.
Processional Cross, or Cross of the Station {crux gestatoria, or stationarid), is the cross carried in the ecclesiastical processions spoken of under Pro- cessions. It was carried as early as the 4th century and in the 5th century both in the East and in the West. It is mentioned by Socrates, Nicephorus, Cassio- dorus, in the Life of St. Porphyry by Durand, and by Baronius under the year 401, and in the Canons of Cleveshoe in 747, when regulating the rogations. A cross made of ash, silver-plated, engraved or enamelled, without a crucifix, was at an early date, after the intro- duction of the labarum of Constantine, carried in pro- cessions by the staurophoros. The evangelistic sym- bols were usually set at the ends of the arms, which terminated in fleurs - de - lys. In the 4th century it had short handles, and candles were attached to the arms. Charlemagne gave such a cross, of pure gold, to the church of Constantine at Rome. In the 12th century at Rome a subdeacon (regionarius) carried down the cross, inclined so that the faithful might kiss it, from the altar to the porch, where he held it upright in his hands during the processions. In England, at Durham, the chief cross was of gold, with a silver staff, and the cross used on ordinary days was of crystal. A novice followed it, carrying a benitier. A cross of the 15th century is still preserved in St. John's Lateran; I another, of the time of St. Louis, is at St. Denis; a
PROCESSIONAL PATH
G12
PROCESSIONS
third, of silver and beautiful designs, with statues and evangelistic symbols, at Conques; and another at Burgos. In England, no doubt, many were destroyed daring the War of the Roses and at the Reformation. At Chichester the ambry for the cross remains. In England, from Easter to Ascension, the cross was of crystal or beryl, but in Lent of wood, painted blood-red. No parish could carry its cross into a monastic church; and in funerals, in a collegiate church) the cross of the latter only is set before the bier. — Walcott, Sacred .1 r- chceology, s. v. We append an illustration of the cross now usually carried by Romanists in their processions.
Processional Cross, and Part of its Staff.
Processional Path (spalium vel via processio- num a retro altaris ; l<tht.< pom chorum ,• f'r. parlour <\< chaur, i.e. behind a choir). The transverse aisle in square-ended churches is commonly doubled, as at Lichfield, or even tripled, as at Winchester and at St. Mary Overge, in order to provide room for chapels as well as a passage for processions. At Hereford this aisle resembles a low transept. The eastern screens at Fountains, the Lady chapel of Hexham, and the Nine Altars of Durham seem to have been furl her develop- ments ofthe same idea, which appears also in the longi- tudinal new walk of Peterborough. At Canterbury, pilgrims to the martyrdom passed up the south aisle of the nave, and through the passage under the platform of the crossing. — Walcott, Sacrt <l . 1 rckasology, s. v.
Processions. These, as solemn ami religious rites, .ire ol very great antiquity, hut evidently of pagan ori- gin. With the Creeks ami Romans, they look place chiefly on the festivals of Diana. Bacchus, Cen . and other deities; also before the beginning of the games in the Circus; and in Bpring,when the fields were sprinkled with holy water to increase their fertility. The priests used to head them, carrying images of the gods and goddesses to he propitiated, and either started from cer- tain temples or from the Capitol The Romans, when