Slade, Explanation (Lond. 1832, L2mo); Morison, Expo- sition ( ibid. 1832, 3 vols.8vo); Rogers, Aiiangt „>< rtf I ( >xf. 1838, - vols. l2mo); French and Skim - 1833, 1842, svo,; Keil. AusUgung [on sixty psalms) (Leips. 1834 35, 2 vols. 8vo); Carpenter. Reflections (Lond. 1835, 1841, l8mo); Sachs, Er/awr. (Berl. is:;:.. 8vo); *Hitzig, Commentar (Heidelb. 1835 37, 2 vols. svo); Fry, Exposition (bond. 1836, 1842, 8vo : Stier, A uslegung [on seventy psalmB] (Halle, 1836, 8vo ; Wal- ford, Notes (Lond. 1837, 8vo); Rosier. Anmerk (Ktt- nigsb. IS. ',7. 8vo) : Krabtner. I ilUinnui i Leips. 1837 38,
2 vols. svoi; Dargand, Traduction (bar. 18 - Bush, Commentary (N. V. 1838, 8vo); *Ewald, /."//.7(>- /•»//7 i (i..i i. 1839, 1840, 1866, 8vo); Keble, Metrical Ver- sion (Oxf. 1839, 8vo); Reisenthal, Versio (Herb 1840, 8vo); Wiener, 1>< Indolt (Erlang. 1840, Svo); Tucker,
PSALTER 1\
Notes (Lond. 1840, 12mo) ; Biesenthal, Commentar (Berl. 1841, 8vo) ; Anon. Commentar (ibid. 1842, 8vo) ; Deutsch, Commentar (Leips. 1842, 8vo) ; *Hengstenberg, Com- mentar (Berl. 1842-47, 1849-54 ; in Engl., Edinb. 1846- 48, 3 vols. 8vo); Tholuck, Auslegung (Halle, 1843, 8vo; transl. by Mombert, Lond. 185G ; N. Y. 1858, 8vo) ; Cress- well, Notes (Lond. 1843, 12mo); Gumming, Paraphrase (ibid. 1843, 12mo) ; *Vaihinger, ErUarung ( Leips. is 15, 2 vols. 8vo) ; *Philips, Commentary (Lond. 1846, 2 vols. 8vo) ; Jones, Reflections (ibid. 1846, 12mo) ; Jebb, Trans- lation (ibid. 18:46, 2 vols. 8vo) ; Lengerke, Auslegung (Leips. 1847, 2 vols. 8vo) ; Clowes, Translation (Lond. 1849. 8vo) ; Pridham, Notes (ibid. 1852, 12mo) ; Weiss, Exposition (Edinb. 1852, 8vo) ; Olshausen, ErUarung (Leips. 1853, 8vo) ; Ryland, Commentary ( Lond. 1853, 12mo) ; * Alexander, Notes (N. Y. 1853-56,3 vols. 12mo) ; Good, Notes (Lond. 1854, 8vo) ; *Hupfeld, Auslegung (Gotha, 1855-62, 1867-69, 4 vols. 8vo); Schegg, ErUa- rung (Mtin. 1856, 8vo) ; Hawkins, Notes (Lond. 1857, 12mo) ; Rokach, IT TIB (Leghorn, 1858, 8vo) ; Rendu, Notes [French] (Par. 1858, 8vo); Claude, Notes [French] (ibid. 1858, 8vo) ; Bonar, Commentary (Lond. 1859, 8vo) ; *Delitzsch, Commentar (Leips. 1859-60, 2 vols. 8vo; rewritten in the Commentary of Keil and Delitzsch) ; *Thrtipp, Introduction (Lond. I860. 2 vols. 8vo) ; Wil- son, Exposition (ibid. 1860, 2 vols. 8vo) ; De Burgh, Commentary (Dubl. 1860, 8vo) ; Neale, Commentary [from primitive and mediaeval sources] (Lond. 1860-71, 3 vols. 8vo); Hammer, Erlaut. (Leips. 1861, 8vo); *Perrowne, Notes (Lond. 1864-66, 1868-70, 2 vols. 8vo) ; Kay, Notes (Oxf. 1864, 8vo) ; Monrad. Oversatt. (Copenh. 1865, 8vo) ; Kurtz, Zur Theologie (Leips. 1865, 8vo) ; Plumer, Studies (Lond. 1867, 8vo) ; Barnes, Notes (N. Y. 1869, 3 vols. 8vo) ; Spurgeon, Exposition (Lond. 1870-72,3 vols.8vo) ; Linton, Explanation (ibid. 1871, 8vo) ; Burton, Para- phrase (ibid. 1871, 8vo); Conant, Version (N. Y. 1871, 4to); Cowles, Notes (ibid. 1872, 12mo) ; *Murphy, Com- mentary (Lond. 1875, 8vo); M'Lean, Expositions (ibid. 1875, 8vo); Heiligstedt, Auslegung (vol. i, Halle, 1876, 8vo). See Old Testament.
Psalter. This word is often used by ancient writers for the book of Psalms, considered as a separate book of Holy Scripture. It obtained among later Church writ- ers a more technical meaning as the book in which the Psalms are arranged for the service of the Church. The Roman Catholic Psalter, for instance, does not follow the Scriptural order of the Psalms, but arranges them for the various services in a different manner. In the Eng- lish Psalter, as it exists in the Book of Common Prayer, the Psalms are arranged in such a way as to give a read- ing for every day in the month, and there are also spe- cial selections to be used in the discretion of the minis- ter. The translation is not that of the King James Ver- sion (i. e. our common Bible), but the earlier version of Cranmer's Bible, which accounts for the difference be- tween the Psalms of the Prayer-book and those of the ordinary version of the Bible. The use of the Psalter as a system of psalmody seems to have been borrowed from the synagogue. The Psalter was always a favorite book, and one which obtained a most extensive use both in private and public. It was regarded as an epitome of the Bible, and as especially adapted to the use of youth and the people, at large. The clergy were re- quired to commit this book to memory. In later times, when the Bible as a whole was denied to the people, the Latin Psalter was left in their hands; and at the time of the Reformation the penitential psalms were in the hands and mouths of the people.
Sometimes the book, for the sake of convenience, was divided into five portions, to correspond with the Penta- teuch; and again the Psalms were arranged in different classes according to their character, as hallelujah, bap- tismal, penitential, burial psalms, etc. In the time of St. Augustine and St.Chrysostom the burial psalms were xxiii, xlii, xliii, lix, ci; in the Roman Church they are sxiii, xxv, xxvii, and the seven penitentials; in the
V PSALTER OF SOLOMON
English Church, xxxiii, xc ; in the Greek Church, xci, cxix ; and for clerks, xxiv, Lxxxiv. Beleth mentions Psa. cxiv and Confitemini ; he says charcoal was placed in the grave to show that the ground could never again be occupied. Psalms Gradual, Pilgrims'1 Songs, or Psalms of Degrees, were Psa. exx to exxxiv, which were sung in ascending the fifteen steps of Solomon's Temple. Hal- lelujah Psalms were cxlvi to cl, each beginning with the words "Praise ye the Lord." Psalms Lucernal were those sung in the primitive Church at the light- ing of the lamps the first hour of the night. The Clem- entine Constitutions, Cassian, and St. Chrysostom men- tion the office said at this time under the same appel- lation. Psalms of Praise (Hallel) were Psa. cxiii to cxviii, the hymn sung by Christ before his agony. Psalms Penitential were seven: St. Augustine, when dying and lying speechless on his bed, had the seven psalms painted on the walls of his chamber, that, look- ing towards them, he might resist any temptations of the devil (Psa. vi, xxxii, xxxviii, li [Miserere], cii, exxx [Z)e Profundi*], cxliii). Psalms Prostrate were those during the saying of which seniors knelt in their stalls and the junior monks lay prostrate on the floor or forms. These were said after vespers and in Lent, be- fore the Collects of the Hours and Verba mea auribus percipe. Twelve psalms, called the Dicta, were sung (with three lections and responsories and six anthems) on the nocturns of ordinary days, one for each hour of the night. Six, says Beleth, are sung at matins, lauds, and other hours, in memory of the six works of mercy ; live at vespers, one for each of the senses; and four at compline, the number of perfection. — Walcott, Sacred Archaeology, s. v.; Farrar, Eccles. Diet. s. v.