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Miscellaneous Ancient Stringed Instruments.
From the fact that nebel in Hebrew also signifies a wine-bottle or skin, it has been conjectured that the term when applied to a musical instrument denotes a kind of bagpipe — the old English cornamute, French cornemvse ; but it seems clear, whatever else may be ob- scure concerning it, that the nebel was a stringed instru- ment. In the Mishna (Kelim, xvi, 7) mention is made of a case (p*,T\—^i)Ki}) in which it was kept. See Bottle.
The first appearance of the nebel in the history of the Old Test, is in connection with the " string" of prophets who met Saul as they came down from the high place (1 Sam. x, 5). Here it is clearly used in a religious service, as again (2 Sam. vi, 5 ; 1 Chron. xiii, 8) when David brought the ark from Kirjath-jearim. In the Temple band organized by David were the players on psalteries (1 Chron. xv, 16, 20), who accompanied the ark from the house of Obed-edom (xv, 28). They played when the ark was brought into the Temple (2 Chron. v, 12) ; at the thanksgiving for Jehoshaphat's
PSATIIYPJAXS
160
psychic i
victory (xx, 28) ; at the restoration ofttae Temple under Hezekiah (xxix, 25), and the dedication of the walls of Jerusalem after they were rebuilt by Nehemiab (Neh. xii. 27). In all these cases, and iii the passages in the Psalms where allusion is made to it. the psaltery is as- sociated with religious services (comp. Amos v, 23; 2 Esd. x. 22). I Jul ii had its part also in private festivi- ties, as is evident from Isa. V, 12; xiv, 11 ; xxii. l' 1 : 5, where it is associated with banquets and luxurious indulgence. It appears (Isa. xiv. 11) to have had a Boft, plaintive note. The psalteries of David were made of cypress (•_' Sam. vi. 5), those of Solomon am or almug trees (2 Chron. ix, 11). See Psal- mody.
2. Among the instruments of the band which played before Nebuchadnezzar's golden image on the plains of Dura, we again meet with the "psaltery" ("p~T:r2. Dan. iii,."». LO, L5; •—. MDB, jwaanteriw). Thi I word appears to he merely a modification of the Greek \pakrripLOv. Attention is called to the facl thai tin- word is singular (see Gesenius, Thesaur. p. 111C), the termination "p " corresponding to the Greek -10 v. This. in a more narrow and exact sense, denotes an instru- ment like the cithara (Lemprid. .1/ Sever'), played with both hands, and called the magadis, fiay&Sit; (Aihen. xiv. 636) i but according to Jerome (Procem. in Psalm.) ii was the later Greek name for the nubia or nebel above. See Music.
Psathyrians or Psatyrians, a sect of Arians, who were followers of Theoctistus, a zealous pastry-cook (ipa$vpo7riu\i]c) of Constantinople, who maintained the heresy of Arius in the form that the first person in the
Trinity existed before the Son had a being; thus deny- in-' the eternal generation of Christ. Brought to trial in the Council of Antioch, A.D. 360, they maintained thai the Son was not like the Father as to will; that lie was taken from nothing, or made of nothing: and that in God generation was not to be distinguish d from creation. They were also called Douleians and Cyrti- I ani. See Theodorus, //"/•. Fab. vol. iv.
Psaume, Nicholas, a French prelate, was born in 1518 at Chauinont-sur-Aine. diocese of Verdun, of very humble parentage. He was educated by his uncle, Francois Psaume, abbe of St Paul of Verdun, who senl him successively to the universities of Paris, Orleans, and Poitiers, and resigned the abbey in his favor in 1^38. Soon after, Nicholas took the habit of the Pre- monstrantS. In 1548 the cardinal .ban de Lorraine abdicated in his favor the bishopric of Verdun. He as- sisted at the Council of Trent in 1550 and in 1562, ar- guing against the abuse of the regular benefices, and made for himself some enemies, lie died at Verdun, Aug. 10, 1575. He gave to the world Collectio Actorum <t Decretorum ConcUii Tridentini (Etival, 1725), a curi- ous journal of all thai was done at the council from Nov. 13, 1562, until its conclusion, which was published by P. Hugo. abbe ii'Ki ival :- -Prist rvatif contort U ( 'hange- ment <i< Religion | Verdun, 1563, 8vo): an edition of the canons of the provincial council of Treves in L548:
Missah
| L557) : Portrait >i, VEglUi | 1 573);
dedicated in the cardinal of Lorraine: — some other lal ive to the I louncil of Trent, which he pub- lished in 1564.- Hoefer, Now. Biog. Ginerale, s. \.
PseudepigrSpha (^evdiiriypa^a) means those writings the title (iirtypaifrii) of which names a false author instead of the true one. This designation is often applied to the Apocrypha, although there are many Apocrypha which name no author at all in their title. A number of Protestant theologians restrict the term pseudepigrapha to such writings of the ( ). T. as
were i iposed in the Creek language shortly before or
after Christ, and falsely attributed to the patriarchs and prophets of the t lid Covenant, as, e. g. the testament of the twelve patriarchs, the book of Enoch, etc. They designate by the name of Apocrypha the writings falsely
attributed to the apostles and disciples of Jesus. See Apocrypha.