The hypothesis of Gratz (Gesch. d. Juden [2d ed. ]. iii. 139) that these psalms were written by a Christian author deserves no refutation. Nor are we justified in assuming Christian interpolations; for the sinlessness and holiness which the author ascribes to his expected Messiah I \\ ii. 11, 46) is not the sinlessness in the sense of Christian dogmatics, but merely the strict legality in the sense of Pharisaism. As to the original language of the psalms, it is now generally held against Hilgen- feld that it was Hebrew, because it is very Hebraizing, which would not be the ease if Hilgenfeld were correct. Hence we are just ilied in the assumption that the psalms wire not written at Alexandria, bul in Palestine.
/ iterature. -Hilgenfeld, Zeilschrift /»/ wissenschaftl. Theologie (1868), p. 134-168; (187 1'), p. 383-11 s ; Mes- sias Judceorum Libria eorum pernio anU et paulo post Chr. nat. conscriptis illwtratus (Lips, 1869), p. 1-33; Geiger, l><r Psalter Salomo's (Augs. 1871), and review of it in Gottinger gel. Anztigen (1871), p. 841 850, and in Hauck, Theol. Jahresbericht, vi, 421 sq.; Fritzsche, Libri Apocryphi Veteris Tettamenti Gract (Lips. 1871), p. 569 589; Wittichen, Die Tdei des Reiches Goties, p. 155 160; Ewald, Gesch. des Volkes Israel, iv. B92 Bq.; Grimm, Zu 1. Makkab. p. xxvii; < (elder, art. •• Messias" in Herzog, Real-Encyklop. ix, 126 Bq.; Dillmann, art. •• Pseudepigraphen," ibid, xii,305sq.; Weiffenbacb, Qua Jem in Regno i 'a lesli Dignitas sit Synopticorum St nti ntia eorponitur (Gissse, 1868), p. 19 Bq.; Movers, in Wetzet
u.Welte's Kirchen-Lexieon, i, 340; Delitzsch, Psalmen, (1st ed.), ii, 381 sq.; Keim, GeschichU Jesu run X<i- zaru, i, 243 (EngL tran.-l. [Lond. 1873], p. 31 Langen, Das Judenthum in Palestina zur Zeit Christi (1866), p. 64 70; Noldeke, Altteslamentl. LUeratur (1868), p. Ill sq.; Ilausrath. Zeitgeschichte, i. 164 sq., 176; Carriere, l>< Psalterio Salomonis (Argentorati, 1870), p. 8, and Ewald's notice of it in Gottinger gel. Anzeigen (1873), p. 237 240; Anger, Vorlesvngen uber dii Geschichte der messianischen hl<< (1873), p. 81 sq.; Schurer, NeutestamenUich Zeitgeschichtt (Leips. 1874), p. l in sq.. 569 Bq.; Stanlev, Hist, oftfo Jewish Church (N. V. 1877), iii. 335. I b! P.)
Psalterium Mariaimm i- the name by which the devotion of the rosary i- sometimes indicated, be- cause in it (excepting the initial prayers), instead of the 150 psalms of the Scripture, the A vt Maria, in hon- or of the Virgin Mary, is recited 150 times.
Psaltery, an Anglicism of the Greek i^aXrqpiov, is used in the A. V. as the rendering of two Hebrew words, both of which signified stringed instrumi nts of music to accompany the voice. (In our treatment of them we use. in part, the article in Smith's Diet, of the Bible.") See Kitto's note on Psa. xcii, 3, in his Pictorial Hilil, ; liihli Educator, i. 70, 215; and comp. Ml bi< \i. Instri ments.
1. 353, or i>53i nebel, is so rendered in the A.V. in all passages where it occur.-, except in Isa. V, 1"-': xiv. 11 ; xxii. 24 marg.; Amos v. S-'>: \ i. 5, where it is trans- lated viol, following the Geneva Version, which has viole in all cases except 2 Sam. vi, 5; 1 King-- x. 12 ("psal- tery"); 2Esd.x,22; Ecclus. xl, 21 (" psaJterion") ; [sa. xxii, 24 ("musicke"); andWisd. xix. 18 ("instrument of musike"). The ancient viol was a six-stringed guitar. "Viols had six strings, and the position of the fingers was marked on the finger-board by frets, as in the guitars of the present day" 1 Chappi 11. Pop. Mus. i. 246). In the Prayer-book version of the Psalms, the Hebrew word is rendered "lute." This instrument resembled the guitar, but was superior in tone, -being larger, and having a convex back, somewhat like the vertical sec- tion of a gourd, or more nearly resembling that of a pear. . . . It had virtually six strings, because, although the number was eleven or twelve, five, at least, were doubled: the first, or treble, being sometimes a single string. The head in which the peg- to turn the strings were inserted receded almost at a right angle" (Chap- pell, i. 102). These three instruments— the psaltery 01 sautry. the viol, and the lute— are frequently associated in the old English poets, ami were clearly instruments resembling each other, though still different. Thus in Chaucer's Flower and Leaf, p. 337 —
" \inl before hem went niinstreles many one, As harpes, pipes, lutes, and sautr, ,•" and again in Drayton's Polyolbion, iv, 35G — "The trembling lute some touch, some strain the viol
best."
The word psaltery in its present form appear- to hare
been introduced about (he end of the Kith century, for it occurs in the unmodified form psalterion in two pas- sages of the Geneva Version (1560). Again, in Ninth's Plutarch (Them, [ed. 1595], p. 124) we read that The-
mi.-tocles, " being mocked . . . by some that had studied
humanitie. and other liberal] Bciences, was driuen fox reuenge and his owne defence, to aunswer with greate
and BtOUte words. Baying, that ill deed he could no skill to tune a harpe. nor a violl. nor to plaj of a psalterion ; but if they did put a eitie into hi- hands that wa- ■•! small name, wcakc. and title, be knew wave- enough how to make ii noble, strong, ami meat." The Greek xbaXrqpiov, from w hich our word i- derived, denote b an