Psychology (from ipvx'h the soul, and \6yog, a discourse) is that branch of metaphysics which treats of the nature and relations of the human spirit. It has been divided into rational, or speculative, and em- pirical, or practical. (See Fleming and Krauth, Vocab. of Philos. s. v.)
Biblical Psychology is a term lately applied to the doctrines of the Holy Scriptures on the subject, espe- cially as to the distinction between the rational and immortal soul in man (ffi"l, nvaifia), and the animal, sensitive, and affectional spirit ('CJE3, ^vx'))- The sub- ject has been treated with great acumen by Delitzsch (Biblical Psychology, tr. from the German, Edinb. 18G7) ; but the results are rather curious than satisfactory. (See Brit. Quar. Rev. Jan. 1873, p. 162 ; New-Englander, July, 1873, art. iv.) In fact, the Bible has no scientific nomenclature, and the attempt to reduce its terms to the strict definitions of modern classification, especially on so obscure and abstract a subject, must necessarily prove abortive. See Mind.
Psychomancy (from tyvxh, soul, anu pavrtia, prediction) is the pretended art of summoning the soids of the deceased, and learning the future by their communications; it is one of the branches of divina- tion, or mantics. The ancients use only i/zirv.'^airic,. a sorcerer of this kind, and i|/nYOjuaj/refo)', the place' where such performances took place (oraculum anima- rum). The same art is called necromancy, and, in a more extensive sense, pneumatomancy. See Divina- tion.
Psychometry (a new formation, from ^v\i], soul, and /.ikrpov, measure) is the art of measuring souls. It cannot give an account with mathematical exactitude of the powers of the soul and their effects; it must content itself with an approximative valuation, the soul being a quantity inapproachable to the senses, which cannot be measured like bodies. Ch. Jul. Sim. Portius, a teacher in Leipsic, invented an instrument of psychometry, which he thus describes: '"The psychometer is an in- strument which shows what a man is in respect to his temperament, mind, and heart. One hundred and ten different impressions can be made on the instrument. The impression made by the person whose soul is meas- ured shows by which of the one hundred and ten quali- ties enumerated on a board"— and most arbitrarily and illogically, as to that — "this person is distinguished from others." We may ask, Only those by which he or she is distinguished from, not also those which he has in common with, other people? But, then, the in- strument could not indicate any of those one hundred and ten qualities, as each of them must be held in com- mon by several persons. See the description of this psychometer by its author (Leipsic, 1833, 8vo).
Psychopaimychisrn (^vx>),soul; irav,aU; and vv£, night — the sleep of the soul) is the doctrine to which Luther, among divines, and Forney, among phi- losophers, were inclined, that at death the soul falls asleep, and does not awake till the resurrection of the body. Calvin wrote a treatise against this view in 1534, and there is much against it in Henry Mori's Works. Pagett says, in his Heresiography, written about 1638, that this " heresy" revived in his time through the publication of a work entitled Man's Mortality. See Soul-sleep.
Psychopneumones were those who maintained the opinion that the souls of the good, after death, be- came angels, and the souls of the evil became devils. See Augustinus, Hceres. ch. lxxviii; Pnedest. Uteres. ch. lxxviii.
Ptolemae'us, or Ptolemy (nroXe^aToc, i.e. " the warlike," from 7rro\t/ioc — TroXepoe,), the dynastic name of the Greek kings of Egypt (A. V. " Ptol'emee" or " Ptoleme'us"), and hence employed also by many pri- vate persons. The name, which occurs in early legends (II. iv, 228; Pausan. x, 5), appears first in the historic period in the time of Alexander the Great, and became
1. Ptolem-sus I, Sotek (son of Lagns), B.C. fcir. 323-2S5. Arsinoe to 2. Ptoi.emjsus II, Puilapelphcs (B.C. 2S5-247), to 3. Arsinoe.
4. Ptolem.«us III, Euekgetes I (B.C. 247-222).
5. Berenice to Antiochus II.
6. Ptolemjsus IV, Philopatoe (B.C. 222-205), to 7. Arsinoe.
I
I
8. Ptolem-eus V, Epipuanes (B.C. 205-1S1), to Cleopatra (daughter of Antiochus Magnus).
9. Ptolem.eus VI, Piiilometob (B.C. 181-140), to Cleopatra (11).
10. Ptoi.em.eus VII, Euergetes II (Physcon), to 11. Cleopatra,
(B.C. 171-140-117) to (2) Cleopatra (14).
(12.) Cleopatra, 13. Ptolerujeus Eupator. 14. Cleopatra.
to Alexander Balas. to Demetrius II.
15. Ptolem.ecs VIII, Soter II (B.C.117-S1).
PT0LE3LEUS
762
PTOLEM^EUS
afterwards very frequent among the states which arose out of his conquests. For the following, which are the only persons of the name mentioned in the Scriptures (and these in the Apocrypha alone, although refer- red to in Daniel), we adopt the statements found in Smith's Diet, of the Bible. For the civil history of the Ptolemies the student will find ample refer- ences i" the original authorities in the articles in Smil h's Did. oft lassieal Biography, ii. 581, eir.. and in Pauly's Real-Enqjklopadie. The literature of the bud- ject in its religious aspects has been noticed under Al- exandria; Dispersion. A curious account of the lit- erary activity of Ptolemy Philadelphus is given (by .Simon de Magistris) in i lie Apologia sent. Pat.dt LXX Vers., appended to Daniel sec LXX (Romaj,1772 ; but this is not always trustworthy. More complete details of the history of the Alexandrine libraries are given by Ritschl, DA Alexandnnischen Bibliotheken (Breslau, ind Parthey, Das Alexandr. Museum (Berlin, 1838). The foregoing table gives the descent of the royal line as far as it is conni cted with Biblical history. See Egypt.