Fotheringay, Northamptonshire.
Notre Dame; at St. L6, in Normandy, and in the outer court of Magdalen College, Oxford. In France there are several overlooking cemeteries. In churches the pulpits were formerly always placed in the nave, at- tached to a wall, pillar, or screen, and the ecclesiastics and others who occupied the choir during the mass re- moved into the nave to hear the sermon: this custom was continued at Ely until quite recently.
The church pulpit is usually hexagonal or octagonal, and of wood, possibly in allusion to Christ's preaching from the boat (Luke v, 1). In Roman Catholic church- es the pulpit is generally distinguished by sonic relig- ious emblems, especially by the crucifix; and the pul- pits of the Low Countries and of Germany are often masterpieces of wood -carving, the preaching -place in some of them forming part of a great artistic group, as of the Conversion of St. Paul, the Vocation of Pi /< r ami Andrew, the Temptation of Adam and Ece, and other similar subjects.
Bcanlieu, Hauts.
Early pulpits were, no doubt, movable, and kept in corners until required for use, like that still preserved at Hereford ; and at Bury, the analogium, or pulpit, we know, was removed from the chapter-house into the church when it was necessary. This, no doubt, is the cause of their present rarity. There are fine exam- ples of pidpits at King's Sutton, Kingsbury Episcopi, Wolvercot, North Kilworth, Dartmouth, and Framp- ton (which has images of saints). Those of Sudbury, Southwold, Hereford, and Winchester are of wood, and of the 16th century. The earliest Jacobean example is at Sopley (1606). There are stationary pulpits of stone at Wells of the 16th century, at Worcester (1504), Ripon, Combe, Nantwich, and Wolverhampton. The oldest wooden pulpit is at Fulbourne (cir. 1350). In It- aly there are examples of the 13th and 14th centuries at Siena and St. Miniato, Florence; in Germany there are stone pidpits at Freiburg and Ulm of the latter part of the 15th century; at Avignon, in France; and Nieuport, in Belgium. There is a Byzantine pulpit, said to have been brought from St. Sophia's, Constantinople, at St. Mark's, Venice. Romanesque pulpits may be seen in St. Ambrose's, Milan ; St. Mary's, Toscanella ; and St. Sabino's, Canova. There is an octagonal pulpit, dated 1482, at Ratisbon ; that of Kidrich is cir. 1491. An hex- agonal pulpit is at St. Andrew's, Pistoja. The octago-
PULPIT ELOQUENCE
<S0
PULPIT ELOQUENCE
nal pulpil of Perugia ia used for giving the benedic- tion. There is a superb 13th-century pulpit on seven pillars in the baptistery al Pisa, with Lecterns for the ind Epistle on the Btaira, Abbot Wygmore's pulpit, Gloucester, was on the north, and placed against the third pillar westward of the crossing. The Bouth, «.r men's, side is the most common position, as al Wells, Chartres, Haarlem, Aix. and formerly at Winchester. i ugh, Gloucester, and Worcester. In England
the pulpits were copied from tbose ol the refectory, and
■< I in the open air. In cathedra] churches the
pulpit was often large enough to contain several persons, as the bishop, when preaching, was accompanied by Ids two archdeacons. Gilding and color were nol employed ..n pulpits until the L5th century. Many of these pul- pits were highly enriched with carving; thai ofWorces- ter lias the Neta Jerusalem, and one of stone at Newton Nottage has the Scourging sculptured upon it. One at Burnham Norton, of wood, i- painted with t lie Doctors <;/'///. Church. In the 16th century stone pulpits were introduced. There are magnificent wooden pulpits al Strasburg | 1 181 |; Mayence, Antwerp, Faye la Vineuse, Nuremberg, Brussels (1699); and Vienna, from which John Capistran preached a Turkish crusade in L451. At Durham there was an iron pulpit, or arabo, in the galilee, Ir.im which the Sunday sermon was preached to women. There is another on the north-west at San Gil, Burgos ; and two like ami .ones, fitted with desks, of the 15th century, flank the screen of Zamora. The two pulpits of Milan are of metal, and circular. At Aix the choir pulpit is silvergilt and jewelled. At Lugo, one of the two metal amhones has an eagle on the south. The pulpil (in Arabic, mimber) forms one of the scanty appliances of Mohammedan worship.- -Walcott, Sacred A rckitecture, s. v.; Parker, Glossary of A rchitt etun . s. v. Pulpit Eloquence. As pulpits in churches are constructed lor the convenience of preachers and preach- ing, so the term pulpi(,by a common form of metonymy, is often used to signify the collective body of the clergj or those who use the pulpit. By a slight variation of the same principle, the term is also made to signify the collective agency of preaching, as seen in the phrases "influence of the pulpit" and "power of the pulpit." In a signification which, to some extent, blends both the above meanings, the term pulpil is often used in the figure of personification, as in the expressions "Let the pulpit sp.ak." "The voice of the pulpit must be heard." The \\"id is thus used in the well-known passage of < lowper:
I - the pulpit iiu (ho sober use
Of its legitimate, peculiar powers)
Musi -land acknowledged while the world shall stand,
The most important and effectual guard,
Support, ami ornament of virtue's cause."
From sucb uses as a substantive, the same word derives its significance as an adjective; it being often used in the expre.-~i.nis " pulpil orator." "pulpil eloquence," and the like. The term pulpit eloquent* has. in fact, come into genera] use as designating (1) the quality and char- acter ofthe eloquence produced from the pulpit, and | 2) the body of eloquent productions now in preservation as representing the utterances of preachers ofthe present and past gi nerations.