RATISBOX
024
RATRAMNUS
hagen. Lucke, Umbreit, Stier, Hagenbach, Gieseler, Bleek, Tholuck, Rothe, and their disciples. In the hands of these men Christian theology lias been raised to the dignity of the noblest of sciences; and Bupreme rever- ence for Christ and the Bible have been shown to con- sist well with the profoundest learning and the greatest speculative ability.
15m the scattered echoes of German rationalism were long in entirely dying away. Faint imitations oi the .i went out over all the other Protestant na- [ invaded modern Holland and England and France and America. But in these countries it was but a foreign importation, and it has Bhown no vital power of original production, And even in Germany there are individual representatives of the dead system. But these are without popular power or scientific sig- nificance. They are simply echoes from a buried past.
IV. Literature.— On the general subject of rational- ism, consult Stiiudlin, (lesck. des Rationalismus und Su- pranaturalismus (1826); Saintes, Hist, du Rationalisms (1841); Hagenbach, Gesch. des I8ten und I9fen Jahr- hunderts (1856); Hundeshagen, Der deutsche Protes' tantismiu (1850); Auberlen, Di< gottlicke Ojfenbarung (Basl . 1861 64); Beyschlag, Ueber das " Leben Jesu" von Renan (Halle, 1864); Bockshammer, Ojfenbarung nit I Tkeologu (Stuttg. 1822); Bretschueider, Ueber die Grundprincipien der evang. Theohgu (1832); La Saus- Baye, La Crise Religieusi en Hollande (Leyd. I860); Curiiil, F< in r! itch mil . seine. Stellung ztir l!< 'iyini mid Philos. der Gegenwart (Frankfort-on-the-Main, 1851); Engelhardt, Sckenkel und Strauss (Erlangen, 1864); Feldmaun, l> r Wahn Christus mil sein rechtes Symbol (Altona, I<si*)."i ) ; Van Prinsterer, /.< Parti , I nti-r evolution naire et Cmih <.<i<nni>il il nit /'/-.'//is, Hiformee des Pays- Bas (Amsterdam, I860); Haffuer, Die deutsche .4a/- klarung (Mainz, 1861 1; II sld, Jesus <l ,■ Christ / irich, 1865); Henhofer, Der Kampf des Unglaubens (Heidel- berg, 1861); Iletike. /,' iibiiutli.oii'ix mil Traditionalis- mus in 19/en Jahrhund rt (1864 i; De Groot, Die Gro- ninger Theologen (Gotha, 1863) ; Hurter, Ueb rdie Rechte der Vernunfl und des Glaubens (Innspruck, 1863); Kah- ilis, /' /• innere Gang des deutsclim I'mi, stiintisiiins .«it der Min< ,1 .< vorigt n Jahrhun h rts (Leipsic, 185 1 1 : Mi- colas, Du GottheitJesu (Regensburg, 1864) ; Noack, Die Freid nicer in der /' ligion (Berne, 1851 I; Riggenbach, Der heutig Rationalismus (Basle, 1862) ; Rilckert, Der Rationalismus (Leipsic, 1859); Sckott, Briefe ii'i r Re- ligion (Jena, 1826); Schwartz, /m- Gesch. der neuesten Theologie (Leipsic, 1864); Tholuck, Du Gesch. des Ru- ms (Berlin, 1865); Astie, IjCS Pin- I Nouvelles (Paris, 1862); C tlaui, Ufa Position (ibid. I860); Fazet, Lettres <i mi Rationaliste (ibid. 1864); Franco i, dism (Brussels, 1858) ; Lups, Le Traditiona- lism* et I Rationalisme (Liege, 1859); Re'musat, I'/ii- losophit Religieuse (Paris, 1864); Farrar, Critical Hist, of Free Thought (Lond.1863); Draper, Intellectual De- \ofEurop\ (N.Y.1863); Hedge, Reason in Re- I -i. is1'.:.!: Jelf, Supremacy of Scripture (Lond. 1861 : Hansel, Limits of Religious Thought (ibid. 1859); Puse . Historical Inquiry (ibid. 1826); Rigg, Modem Theology (ibid. 1859); Schaff, Germany, its T/ieology (Philadel. 1857); Hurst, Hist. of Rationalise) (X. V. 1865); Wuttke, Christian Ethics (N. V. 1873), vol. i: Lecky, Rationalism in Europe (ibid. 1866); Schaff. C; dsofi -iirisi, „ lorn (ibid. 1877 I, vol. i. (J.P.'L.)
Ratisboii, a city of < lermany, is noted in ecclesias- tical history as the seat of several important Church t Ratisponenses). The first of t hoc was tn this council the errors of Felix, bishop of [Jrgel, who maintained thai Christ is only the adop- tiae Son of U id, were condemned, and he himself sent to Rome to pope Adrian, before whom he confessed and abjured hi- heresy in the church of St. Peter; he main- tained, with Elipandus, that Christ, as to his human
nature, was the S, f (,,,d by adoption only. See
I. abbe. Condi, vii. 1010. See also Fklicians.
A second council was held in 796. Grievous com-
plaint- having been made both by the priests and laity of the ministrations of the chorepiscopi, it wa- decided in this council that the latter had no power to perform episcopal function-, being only priests, and that, conse- quently, all the previous act- were null and void; it was al-o forbidden to make any new chorepiscopi. This rank, however, among the clergy did not entirely cease
until the middle of the 10th century. See Labbe, ( '•»//- cil. vii. 1 152.
A third council wa- i he conference held in 1541, and generally called the Diet of Ratisbon. Though it had in view the settlement of all religious differences be- tween the Protestants and the adherents to papal au- thority, it only resulted in effecting a mutual agreemi in to refer the settlement of their differences to a general council. See Riddle, Hist. of t hi Papacy; Mosheim, /.'«•- dee. IIi*t.; Meth. Quar. Rev. Jan. 1872, p. 143; Marsden, Hist.ofthi Sects of Christendom; Buchanan, Treatist <*/< Justifications Farrar, Crit. Hist, of Fret Thought. See al-o Reformation.
Ratramnus of Coebky, an Aquitanian monk of the first half of the 9th century, i- noted in ecclesiasti- cal history as the controversialist of Paschasius Rad- bertus on the subject ol tin- holy i ueliarist dp v.). Ra- tramnus's personal history is scarcely known, except that he was the personal friend of Godeschalcus, and was regarded in his day as one of the ablest d< fi od( r- of Augustinianism. lie i- semi times called Bertram the Monk, or Bertram tin Priesf,bui it is thought that this is a corruption of 1!. Ratramnus, "Beatus" being sometimes prefixed to the names of venerated writers, even when there had been no act of beatification. His literary activity falls between 830 and 868. One of the works in defence of Augustinianism which proves its au- thor to have been more ihau ordinarily versed in patris- tic literature is by Ratramnus, and is entitled In Pre- deslinatiom /hi. It was written at the request "\ king Charles the Bald in 850. He lays down the following Augustinian dogmatics: "Theelect are destined to mem cyand salvation; the godless to eternal punishment; the latter are given over to sin only in so far as. on account of their fori -ecu hard-heartedness and w ickedi.i --. the divine help towards goodne8S is denied them." .Mere important is his controversy with Paschasius on the eu- idiarist, which led to the composition of his work Liber de Corpore et Sanguim Domini, also written at tin- ex- press wish of the king in 844, and being a defence of pure symbolical sacramental doctrine. To the question of Charles t lie Bald, "Quod in ecclesia ore lidelium -u- mitur, corpus et sanguis Christi utrum in mysterio fiat an in veritate?" be answered -with the distinction of what occurred really, perceivablv, "in veritate." and what •• in mysterio" comes to pa—. A change, be In 1,1, occurred in the euchari-t. but not a real, pete, ivable one: ii is ili,- mere act of faith which make- br, ad and w ine l lie spiritual food and drink of the body and blood of ( lni-i. I he bonk wa- lo.-t sight of after a time, and it was even ascribed, when met with, to Scotus Erige- na. and as such it was burned in 1050 by the Synod of