If Paul died in the year beginning 23rd Sept., 67, his birth was in 1 a.d. (before 23rd Sept.). Now he evidently began public life after the Crucifixion, but before the death of Stephen ; and he would naturally come before the public in the course of his thirtieth year ; therefore his birth falls later than Passover a.d. i.
3. The punctuation of Gal. II 1-4, for which an argument was advanced in Expositor, July, 1895, P- io5 fr> *s assumed in the free translation on p. 55. The view taken by me of Gal. II 1-14 is controverted by the high authority of Dr. Sanday in Expositor, Feb., 1896, and defended March, 1896. Mr Vernon Bartlet informs me that Zahn dates Gal. II 11- 14 between Acts XII 25 and XV 4 (as I do, p. 160), see Neue Hire hi ZfL, 1894, p. 435 f.
4. The phrase "the God" (p. 118, 1. 5) refers, of course, to v. 15.
5. While grateful for the publication of such essays by Lightfoot as that quoted on p. 199, I cannot hold that great scholar (of whose spirit in investigation I should be satisfied if I dared
xvi Preface.
hope to have caught a little) responsible for them in the same way as for works published by himself (i) His lectures were not written out, but in great part spoken, and the notes taken by pupils are not a sufficient basis : a slight verbal change in the hurry of writing often seriously modifies the force of a lecturer's statement : moreover a speaker trusts to tone for many effects, which it requires careful study to express in written words. (2) Even those parts which were written out by himself, belong to an early stage in his career, and were not revised by himself in his maturity. (3) A writer often materially improves his work in proof : I know that some changes were made on the proofs even of the Ignatius, his maturest work. Hence the reader finds pages in Lightfoot's finest style side by side with some paragraphs, which it is difficult to believe that he expressed in this exact form, and impos- sible to believe that he would ever have allowed to go forth in print. The analogy with Acts I-V (see below, p. 370) is striking.
6. It seems to me one of the strangest things that almost all interpreters reject the interpretation which Erasmus's clear sense perceived to be neces-