On the circumstances which are supposed to have called out the first part of this chapter, see Farrar, “ Life and Work of Paul,” ii., 260 sqq.
1. Every soul. Every man. See on ch. xi. 3.
Higher powers (é£ovclais imepeyovoass). Lit., authoretees which have themselves over. See on Mark ii. 10; John i. 12.
164 WORD STUDIES IN THE NEW TESTAMENT. [Cu. XIII
The powers that be (ai 5é odcat). Lit., the existing. Pow- ers is not in the text, and is supplied from the preceding clause.
Are ordained (retaypévas eioiv). Perfect tense: Have been ordained, and the ordinance remains in force. See on set wn- der authority, Luke vii. 8.
2. He that resisteth (0 dvtutaccopevos). Lit., setteth him- self in array against. See on 1 Pet. v.5; Acts xviii. 6.
Resisteth (av9éornxev). Rev., better, withstandeth. See on ch. ix. 19.
Ordinance (dvatayn). From tacow to put in place, which appears in the first resisteth. He setteth himself against that which is divinely sez.
Damnation (xpiua). Judicial sentence. Rev., better, judg- ment.
4. Beareth (dope?). Beareth and weareth. A frequentative form of dépw to bear.
Sword (uayaspav). See on Apoe. vi. 4. Borne as the sym- bol of the magistrate’s right to inflict capital punishment. Thus Ulpian: “They who rule whole provinces have the right of the sword (jus gladi).” The Emperor Trajan presented to a provincial governor, on starting for his province, a dagger, with the words, “ For me. If I deserve it, 2m me.”
6. Pay ye tribute (ddpous redetre). Tedeite ye pay is, liter- ally, ye accomplish or fulfil, carrying the sense of the fulfil- ment of an obligation. dpous tribute is from dépw to bring ; something brought. ev. makes the verb indicative, ye pay.
God’s ministers (Aevtovpyol Oeod). See on ministration, Luke i. 23, and ministered, Acts xiii. 2. In ver. 4, dud«ovos is used for menester. The word here brings out more fully the fact that the ruler, like the priest, discharges a divinely or- dained service. Government is thus elevated into the sphere of religion. Hence Rev., ministers of God’s service.
Attending continually. The same word as continuing steadfastly in ch, xii. 12.
Cu. XIII} THE EPISTLE TO THE ROMANS. 165
7. Toall. Probably all magistrates, though some explain all men.
Tribute—custom (pdpov—réros). Tribute on persons: cus: tom on goods.
8. Another (rov étepov). Lit., the other, or the different one, the word emphasizing more strongly the distinction be- tween the two parties. Rev., hes neighbor.
9. Thou shalt not commit adultery, etc. Omit thow shalt not bear false witness. The seventh commandment precedes the sixth, as in Mark x. 19; Luke xviii. 20; Jas. ii. 11.
It is briefly comprehended (dvaxeparauodrar). Only here and Eph. i.10. Rev., 2¢ is summed up. ’Avd has the force of again in the sense of recapitulation. Compare Lev. xix. 18. The law is normally a unit in which there is no real separation between the commandments. ‘Summed up in one word.” The verb is compounded, not with xefadry head, but with its derivative cepadraiov the main pornt.
Namely thou shalt love, etc. (€v 76 ayamjoes). The Greek idiom is, it is summed up in the thou shalt love, the whole commandment being taken as a substantive with the definite article.
Neighbor (rév 7Anoiov). See on Matt. vi. 43.
11. And that knowing the time—now. Referring to the injunction of ver. 8. Knowing, seeing that ye know. The time (rov xacpov), the particular season or juncture. Rev., season. See on Matt. xii.1. Wow (78m), better, already.
Our salvation (jyav 7 cwrnpia). Others, however, anc better, as Rev., construe jyav of us (salvation of us, i.€., 07’ with nearer, and render salvation 1s nearer to us. This is fa- vored by the order of the Greek words. The other rendering would lay an unwarranted emphasis on our. The reference is apparently to the Lord’s second coming, rather than to future glory.