J. B. Lightfoot, 10th ed., 1890: B. Jowett, Epistles of St. Paul to the Thessalonians, Galatians, and Romans, 3d ed., 1894. The essays are interesting and suggestive. C. J. Ellicott, Critical and Grammatical Commentary on St. Paul’s Epistle to the Galatians. J. Eadie, Commentary on the Greek Text of the Epistle of Paul to the Galatians, 1869. Of a more popular character, J. A. Beet, Commentary on Galatians, 3ded. Philip Schaff in Schaff’s Popu- lar Commentary.
F. Sieffert, Der Brief an die Galater, Mey., 8 Aufl., 1894. R. A. Lipsius, “ Der Brief an die Galater,” in the Hand-Commentar, by Holtzmann, Lipsius, Schmiedel, and Von Soden.
For discussions of the Geographical question, see W. M. Ram- say, The Church in the Roman Empire before A.D. 170: Lightfoot in Commentary: Sieffert and Lipsius in Commentaries; E. Schiirer, “ Was ist unter Tadaréa in der Uberschrift des Galater- briefs zu verstehen?” Jahrbiicher fiir protestantische Theologie, 1892, 460 ff.: C. Weizsicker, Das apostolische Zeitalter der christ- lichen Kirche. Translation from 2d ed. by J. Millar, 1894: W. M. Ramsay’s articles on “Galatia” and “ Galatia, Regions of,” in Hastings’ Dictionary of the Bible, Vol. II., 1899: A. C. McGiffert, The Apostolic Age, 1897.
vou. Iv. —6 81
1-5. The usual form of salutation is expanded by additions which answer to the occasion of the letter, and foreshadow its principal thoughts.
1. An apostle. This title is prefixed to Romans, 1st and 2d Corinthians, Ephesians, Colossians. Here with special emphasis, because Paul’s apostleship had been challenged.
Of men — by man (a7 avOpérav— ov avOpamov). Better, from men — through man ora man. In contradiction of the assertion that he was not directly commissioned by Jesus Christ, like the twelve, but only by human authority. From men, aS authorising the office; through man, as issuing the call to the person. He thus distinguishes himself from false apostles who did not derive their commissions from God, and ranks himself with the twelve. Man does not point to any individual, but is in antithesis to Jesus Christ, or may be taken as = any man.
By Jesus Christ. See Acts ix. 4-6; 1 Cor. ix. 1.
And God the Father. The genitive, governed by the pre- ceding dua by or through. The idea is the same as an apostle by the will of God: 1 Cor. i. 1; 2 Cor. i. 1; Eph. i. 1. Aud is used of secondary agency, as Matt. i. 22; xi. 2; L.i. 70; Actsi. 16; Heb.i. 2. But we find da Oernpatos Oeod by the will of God, Rom. xv. 82; 1 Cor. 1. 1;. 2 Cor. 1. 1, ete., and dia Ceod by God, Gal. iv. 7. Also 8’ ob (God), 1 Cor. i. 9; Heb. ii. 10,
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Cu. L] THE EPISTLE TO THE GALATIANS. ace
Who raised him from the dead (rod éyefpavtos aitov éx vexpov). It was the risen Christ who made Paul an apostle. For resurrection the N. T. uses éyelpew to raise up; é&eyelpew to raise out of s éyepous raising or rising ; auordvat to raise up $ avaotacis and éeEavdortacis raising up and raising up out of. With vexpos dead are the following combinations: éye(pecy dro TOY vexp@v (Never ard vexpav) to raise from the dead; éy. é« vex. or TOV vex. to raise out of the dead; dvactncat to raise, avacthvat to be raised or to rise éx. vex. (never amd); dava- oTacls vex. OY TOV Vex. resurrection of the dead; avdot. éx. vex.; eEavdotacis éx. vex. rising or resurrection out of the dead or from among. It is impossible to draw nice distinctions between these phrases.*
2. Brethren—with me. The circle of Paul’s colleagues or more intimate friends. Comp. Philip. iv. 21, 22, where the brethren with me are distinguished from all the saints — the church members generally.
Unto the churches of Galatia. See Introduction. This is a circular letter to several congregations. Note the omis- sion of the commendatory words added to the addresses in the two Thessalonian and first Corinthian letters.