Righteous (S:caiw). Morally upright. Not in the Pauline sense of justified by faith. Comp. 2 Tim. ii. 22; iii. 16. This appears from the way in which the opposite of righteous is described in the next clause.
Lawless (aveyuos). Recognising no law; a sense which accords better with the following context than not having a law, as 1 Cor. ix. 21.
Disobedient (avumoraxros). Only in Pastorals and He- brews. Better unruly. Disobedient is too specific. It means those who will not come into subjection. It is closely allied with lawless. In the one case no legal obligation is recognised ; in the other, subjection to law is refused.
Ungodly — sinners (aceBéo. — duaptordois). The same collocation in 1 Pet. iv. 18; Jude 15. See on godliness, 2 Pet: i. 3:
Unholy — profane (avoclous — BeBnrows). *Avoovos unholy, Past®. See on holiness, L. i. 75. Bé8ndos profane, comp. cCimave t= vi. 20; 2? Tim. i. 16;" Heb. xii." 16." "The* verb
208 WORD STUDIES IN THE NEW TESTAMENT. — [Cu L
BeBnrodv to profane, Matt. xii. 5; Acts xxiv. 6, and often in LXX. Derived from Byrds threshold (comp. Baiverv to go). Hence the primary sense is that may be trodden. Comp. Lat. profanus before the temple, on the ground outside. What is permitted to be trodden by people at large is unhallowed, pro- fane. Esau is called Bé8nros in Heb. xii. 16, as one who did not regard his birthright as sacred, but as something to be sold in order to supply a common. need.
Murderers of fathers— murderers of mothers (zratpoA@ais —pntporgas). Both words Past®. and °LXX. Both in Class. More literally, smiters of fathers and mothers, though used in Class. of parricides and matricides. Derived from aroav to smite or thresh. ‘The siniple verb, 1 Cor. ix. 9, 10.
Manslayers (avdpoddvois). N. T.°. Once in LXX, 2 Mace. ix. 28.
10. Them that defile themselves with mankind (apcevo- kotrats). Only here and 1 Cor. vi. 9. °LXX, °Class.
Menstealers (avépatrodiotais). N.T.°, °LXX. Ellicott remarks that this is a repulsive and exaggerated violation of the eighth commandment, as apcevoxorrety is of the seventh. The penalty of death is attached to it, Ex. xxi. 16.
Perjured persons (éidpxos). N. T.°. Once in LXX, Zech. v. 8. See Lev. xix. 12.
Is contrary to (avrixerrac). Lit. lies opposite to. Used by Paul and Luke. See L. xiii. 17; Gal. v. 17.
The sound doctrine (77 vytarvoton Sidackadia). A phrase peculiar to the Pastorals. “Tysaivew to be in good health, L. v. 31; vii. 10; 83.2. °P. Quite frequent in LXX, and in- variably in the literal sense. Often in salutations or dismis- sals. See 2 Mace. 1.10; ix, 19; 2 Sam. xiv. 8; Ex. iy. 18. In the Pastorals, the verb, which occurs eight times, is six
Cu. I.) THE FIRST EPISTLE TO TIMOTHY. 209
times associated with didacKanria teaching, or Adyou words, and twice with év 77 wiote: or TH Ticte in the faith. The sound teaching (comp. diday7 teaching, 2 Tim. iv. 2; Tit. i. 9) which is thus commended is Paul’s, who teaches in Christ’s name and by his authority (2 Tim. i. 13; ii. 2,8). In all the three letters it is called aAjOeaa or 7 adjOea the truth, the knowledge (éméyvwots) of which is bound up with salvation. Sosa ima so) Pini; ai.. Ts: Tite toy As >truth it is sound or healthful. It is the object of faith. To be sound in the faith is, practically, to follow (wapaxorovbetv) sound teaching or the truth. The subjective characteristis of Christians is edoéSera or OeocéBeva godliness or piety (1 Tim. ii. 2,10; iii. 16; iv. T, 8; vi. 6,11); and the teaching and knowledge of the truth are represented as car’ etoéBevav ac- cording to godliness (1 Tim. vi. 8; Tit. i. 1). Comp. edce- Beiv to show piety, 1 Tim. v. 4; edvoeBas Env to live godly, 2 Tim. iii. 12; Tit. 11.12; and Blov diudyew év racy evioeBela to lead a life in all godliness, 1 Tim. ii. 2. The contents of this sound teaching which is according to godliness are not theo- retical or dogmatic truth, but Christian ethics, with faith and loves) ce ts ities at, to; iv tae yt s 2 Timi 18; i. 10; Tit. ii. 2. "AAiOea truth is used of moral things, rather than in the high religious sense of Paul. Comp., for imstance, hom. i. 4; ix. t; 1 Cor. y8; 2 Cor. iv. 2; xi. 10; Gal. ii.5; Eph. iv. 21, 24; and 2 Tim. ii. 25, 26; ili. 7 (comp. Wvs 1-0) 7s iver ts elit. 1 12 (comp. vv. 11, 15); Tit. 1. 4 (comp. vv. 1, 8); Tit. iii. 1. Whoever grasps the truth has Miia losie 18: ii, 8; Vit.1.34,)... Lhat the ‘ethical character of faith is emphasised, appears from the numerous expressions regarding the false teachers, as 1 Tim. i. 19; iv. 1; v. 8, 12; vi. 10, 21. There is a tendency to objectify faith, regarding it as something believed rather than as the act of believing. See 1 Tim. i. 19; iv. 1; vi. 10, 21; Tit. i. 4. In comparing the ideal of righteousness (ver. 9) with that of Paul, note that it is not denied that Christ is the source of true righteousness; but according to Paul, the man who is not under the law is the man who lives by faith in Christ. Paul emphasises this. It is faith in Christ which