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Zealous (fnrw77v). Lit. a zealot. Comp. Acts xxi. 20; xxii. 3; 1 Pet. iii. 18. Only here in Pastorals. In Paul, 1 Cor. xiv. 12; Gal. i. 14. » For the word as a title, see on the Canaanite, Matt. x. 4, and Mk. iii. 18.
Authority (émitayjs). See on 1 Tim. i. 1.
Despise (zrepidpoveirw). N.T.°. Occasionally in Class. From zrepi beyond, ppoveiv to be minded. To set one’s self in thought beyond ; hence contemn, despise. Comp. 1 Tim. iv.12. The exhortation is connected with authority. Titus is to claim respect for his office and for himself as bearing it.
1. Put them in mind (émopiuynoxe adtots). See on 2 Tim. ii. 14, and on dréurynow reminding, 2 Tim. i. 5.
Principalities and powers (apyais é£ovclas). Omit and. Principalities which are authorities. ’Apy7 beginning = that which begins: the leader, principality. See on Col. i. 16; Jude 6; Acts x. 11. Only here in Pastorals. *Efoucia right, authority. See on Mk. ii. 10; J. i. 12; Col. i. 16. Only here in Pastorals. For the combination principalities and powers, see on L. xx. 20.
To obey magistrates (eapyeiv). Comp. Acts v. 29, 32; xxvii. 21. See on Acts v. 29. The idea of magistrates is contained in the word itself; but it is quite proper to render as Rev. to be obedient. Rare in LXX.
Ready to every good work (mpos may épyor ayalov éroiuous elvat). The phrase N. T.°. ‘Erodwos ready, only here in Pastorals. Comp. érowuacia readiness or preparation, Eph. vi. 15 (note).
2. No brawlers (audyous). Better as Rev., not to be con- tentious. See on 1 Tim. iii. 3. Past®.
348 WORD STUDIES IN THE NEW TESTAMENT. [Cu. IIL.
3. Divers— pleasures (jdovais moixidats). “Hédovn pleas- ure, only here in Pastorals. °P. See on Jas. iv. 1. For . mouirats divers, see on 2 Tim. iil. 6.
Malice (caxia). Only here in Pastorals. See on Jas. i. 21. In N. T. xaxia is a special form of vice, not viciousness in general, as Cicero, Tuse. iv. 15, who explains by “ vitiositas, a viciousness which includes all vices.” Calvin, on Eph. iv. 32, defines as ‘a viciousness of mind opposed to humanity and fairness, and commonly styled malignity.” The homily ascribed to Clement of Rome, describes xaxia as the forerunner (mpoodolzopov) of our sins (x). Malice isa correct translation.
4. Kindness (ypnordrns). Only here in Pastorals. LElse- where only in Paul. See on Rom. ii. 12, and on easy, Matt. xi. 380.
Love (¢iravOpwria). Love istoo vague. It is love toward men; comp. ver. 2. Only here and Acts xxviii. 2: dvdav- Opwrws kindly, Acts xxvii. 3 (note). While it cannot be as- serted that the heretical characteristics noted in the Pastoral Epistles point collectively to any specific form of error, it is true, nevertheless, that certain characteristics of the economy of grace are emphasised, which are directly opposed to Gnostic ideas. Thus the exhortation that supplications be made for all men, supported by the statement that God wills that all men should be saved and come to the knowledge of the truth (1 Tim. ii. 1, 4), is in the teeth of the Gnostic distinction between men of spirit and men of matter, and of the Gnostic principle that the knowledge (ériéyvwous) of truth was only for a limited, intellectual class. ‘To the same effect is the frequent recurrence of all, for all, in connection with the saving and enlightening gifts of God (1 Tim. ii. 6; iv. 10; vi. 18; Tit. ii.11). So here: not only has the saving grace of God appeared unto all (ch. ii. 11), but it has revealed itself as kindness and love to man as man.
5. Not by works of righteousness which we have done (ouw €& epyov tev ev dicatootvy & éroujoapev). Lit. not by
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