except where a variant reading bears directly on the exposition, or possesses some independent interest. Since Alford published his edition, the chief foreign commentaries have been those of von Hof. mann (1869), Reuss (1878-9), Liinemann (Eng. tr., 1880) and Borne- mann (1894) in Meyer's series, Schafer (1890), Zéckler (1894), Zimmer’s Theologischer Commentar (1891), Schmiedel (Hand Com- mentar, second edition, 1892, incisive and thorough), S. Goebel (second edition, 1897), B. Weiss (second edition, 1902), Wohlenberg (in Zahn’s Kommentar, 1903; sec. ed. 1908), and Lueken (in Die Schrif- ten des N.T., 1905); in English, those of Eadie (1877), Alexander (Speaker's Comm., 1881), Dr. Marcus Dods (Schaff’s Comm., iii., 1882), Dr. John Hutchinson (1884), Dr. J. Drummond (Internat. Hdbk., to N.T., Π., 1899), and Dr. Adeney (Century Bible, n. d.), with three recent and able editions of the Greek text by Lightfoot (Notes on Epp. of St. Paul, 1895, pp. 1-92), Prof. G. G. Findlay (Cambridge Greek Testament, 1904), and Dr. G. Milligan (1908). Of the older works, the editions of L. Pelt (1830), H. O. Schott (1834), and A. Koch (on the first epistle, second edition, Berlin, 1855), in German, together with those of Ellicott (fourth edition, 1880) and Jowett (third edition, 1894), deserve special notice. Dr. Denney’s terse ex- position (Expositor’s Bible, 1892), Lightfoot’s essay (Biblical Essays, 251-269), and E. H. Askwith’s Introduction to the Thessalonian Epistles (1902), together with the articles of Lock (Hastings’ D.B., iv. 743-749) and A. C. McGiffert (E. Bi., 5036-5046), and Dr. W. Gunion Rutherford’s translation (1908), will furnish the English student with all necessary material for a general study of the epistles, Zimmer’s monograph (Der Text der Thess. Briefe, 1893) and article on 2 Thess. (Zeits. f. wiss. Theol., xxxi. 322-342) give a competent survey of the textual data.
The abbreviations are for the most part familiar and obvious ; é.g., Blass = Neutest. Grammatik, Burton = Moods and Tenses (1894), Deissmann = D.’s Bible Studies (Eng. tr., Edinburgh, 1901), DCG = Hastings’ Dictionary of Christ and the Gospels (1907-1908), Ε. Bi. = Encyclopedia Biblica, Field = Otium Norvicense, part iii, (1899), Moulton = J. H. Moulton’s Grammar of N.T. Greek, vol. 1. (1906), Viteau = Viteau’s Etude sur le grec du N.T. (1893, 1896), Win. = Schmiedel’s edition of G. Β. Winer’s Grammatik (Gottingen, 1894 f.). With regard to the references to Sap. (i.e., The Wisdom of Solomon), it must be remembered that Paul in all likeli- hood knew this writing at first hand.