liATEE LITERATUEE.
and Imm. Bekker, Bonn. 1837. Also the writings vjf /ulian thb Apostate (against Christianity), Libanitjs and Symmachus (philoEophically tolerant), &c. Comp. the literature at § 2 and 4.
LATER LITERATURE.
Besides the contemporary histories named above under 1 (e) among the sources, we should mention particularly Baronitjs (E. 0. of the Ultramontane school, 1 1607) : Annales eccles. vol. iii.-viii. (a heavy and unreadable chronicle, but valuable for reference to original documents). TiLLEMONT (E. C. leaning to Jansenism, 1 1698) : Memoires, etc., vol. vi.xvi. (mostly biographical, minute, and conscientious). Gibbon (t 1794) : Decline and Fall of the Eoman Empire, from ch. xvii. onward (unsurpassed in the skilful use of sources and artistic composition, but skeptical and destitute of sympathy with the genius of Christianity). Schrockh (moderate Lutheran, flSOS): Ohristl. Kirchengesch. Theil v.-xviii.(A simple and diflfuse, but thorough and frustworthy narrative). Neander (Evangel. tl850) : Allg. Gesch. der chr. Eel. und Kirche. Hamb, vol iv.-vi., 2d ed. 1846 sqq. Engl, transl. by Torrey, vol. ii. (Profound and genial in the genetic development of Christian doctrine and life, but defective in the political and aesthetic sections, and prolix and careless in style and arrangement). Gieseler (Protest. 1 1854): Kirchen- Gesch. Bonn. i. 2. 2d ed. 1845. Engl, transl. by Davidson, and revised by H. B. Smith, N. York, vol. i. and ii. (Critical and reliable in the notes, but meagre, dry, and cold in the text).
Isaac Taylor (Independent) : Ancient Christianity, and the Doctrines of the Oxf. Tracts for the Times. Lond. 4th ed. 1844. 2 vols. (Anti- Puseyite). Bohringer (G. Eef.) : Kirch engeschichte in Biographieen, vol. i. parts 3 and 4. Ziir. 1845 sq. (from Ambrose to Gregory the Great). Carwithen and Lyall: History of the Christian Church from the 4th to the 12th Cent, in the Encycl. Metrop. 1849 ; published separately in Lond. and Glasg. 1856. J. 0. Eobertsont (Angl.) : Hist, of tlie Christ. Church to the Pontificate of Gregory the Great. Lond. 1854 (pp. 166-516). H. H. Milman (Angl.): History of Cliristianity from the Birth of Christ to the abolition of Paganism in the Eoman Empire. Lond. 1840 (New York, 1844), Book IIL and IV. Milman: Hist, of Latin Christianity ; including that of the Popes to the Pontificate of Nicholas V. Lond. 1854 sqq. 6 vols., republished in New Yo k, 1860, in 8 vols. (vol. i. a resume of the first six centuries to Gregory ,., the remaining vols, devoted to the middle ages). K. R. Hagenbach (G. Ref.) : Die Christl. Kirche vom 4ten bis 6ten Jahrh. Leipz. 1855 (2d vol. of his popular " Vorlesungen liber die Jiltere Kirchengesch."). Albert de Broglie (E. C.) : L'eglise et I'empire remain au IV"* si^cle. Par. 1855-'66. 6 vols. Ferd. Christ. Bavr: Die Ohristl
4 THIKD PERIOD. A.D. 311-590.
Kirche vom Anfang dea vierten bis zum Ende des sechsten Jahrhun* derts in den Hauptmomenten ihrer Entwicklung. Tiib. 1859 (criticaJ and philosophical). Wm. Beight : A History of the Church from tha Edict of Milan, a.d. 313, to tlie Council of Ohalcedon, a.d. 451. Ox£ and Lond. 18G0. Artuur P. Stanley: Lectures on the History of the Eastern Church. Lond. 1861 (pp. 512), republished in New York from the 2d Lond. ed. 1862 (a series of graphic pictures of prominent characters and events in the history of the Greek and Eussiar church, but no complete history).
§ 1. Introduction and General View.
From the Cliristianitj of the Apostles and Martyrs we proceed to the Christianity of the Patriarchs and Emperors.
The third period of the history of the Church, which forms the subject of this volume, extends from the emperor Constantino to the pope Gregory I. ; from the beginning of the fourth century to the close of the sixth. During this period Christianity still moves, as in the first three centuries, upon the geographical scene of the Graeco-Koman empire and the ancient classical culture, the countries around the Mediterranean Sea. But its field and its operation are materially enlarged, and even touch the barbarians on the limit of the empire. Above all, its relation to the temporal power, and its social and political position and import, undergo an entire and permanent change. We have here to do with the church of the Graeco-Eoman empire, and with the beginning of Christianity among the Germanic barbarians. Let us glance first at the general character and leading events of this important period.
The reign of Constantine the Great marks the transition of the Christian religion from under persecution by the secular government to union with the same ; the beginning of the state-church system. The Graeco-Roman heathenism, the most cultivated and powerful form of idolatry, which history knows, surrenders, after three hundred years' struggle, to Christianity, and dies of incural)le consumption, with the confession : Galilean, thou hast conquered ! The ruler of the civilized world lays his crown at the feet of the crucified Jesus of Nazareth. Th^ successor of ISTero, Domitian, and D'ocletian