§ 169. EPTPHANIUS. 929
ond ecumenical council to the Nicene symbol, in respect to the doctrine of tlie Holy Ghost and of the church, had already been several years in use in the church.' For the shorter symbol, which, according to Epiphanius, had to be said at baptism by every orthodox catechumen in the East, from the council of Nicsea to the tenth year of Yalentinian and Valeus (a. D. 373), is precisely the same as the Constantinopolitan ; and the longer is even more specific against Apollinarianisra and Macedonianism, in the article concerning the Holy Ghost. Both contain the anathemas of the Nicene Creed ; the longer giving them in an extended form.
2. The Panarium, or Medicine-chest,^ which contains antidotes for the poison of all heresies. This is liis chief work, composed between the years 374: and 377, in answer to solicitations from many quarters. And it is the chief hereseological work of the ancient church. It is more extensive than any of the similar works of Justin Martyr, IrenoBUs, and Hippolytua before it, and of Philastrius (or Pliilastrus), Augustine, Theodoret, pseudo-TertuUian, pseudo- Jerome, and the author of Prsedestinatus, after it.^ Epiphanius brought together, with the diligence of an unwearied compiler, but without logical or chronological arrangement, evei-ytliing he could learn from written or oral sources concernini>: lieretics from the beu^inninw of the world down to his time. But his main concern is the antidote to heresy, the doctrinal refutations, in which he believed himself to be doing God and the church great service,
' Anc. n. 119 and 120 (torn. iii. 2'6 sqq. ed. Migne).
^ Havaptou, Panarium (Panaria), sive Arcula, or Adversus Ixxx. haereses (Petavius, torn. i. f. 1-1108 ; Migne, torn. i. 173-1200, and torn. ii. 10-832). Epiphanius himself names it iravapiov, tlr oZv Ki^tiinov laTpuchi' Kal SiripwSTjKTiKnv, Panarium, •^ive Arculam Medicam ad eorum qui a serpentibus icti sunt remedium (Epist. aiJ Aoacmm et Paulum, in Oehler's ed. i. p. 7).
^ Compare the convenient collection of the Latin writers De hisresibus, viz. ' Philastrius, Augustine, the author of Pra3destinatus (the first book), pseudo-Tertullian, pseudo- Jerome, Isidorus Ilispalensis, and Gennadius (De ccclesiasticis dogmatibus), in the first volume of Franz Oehler's Corpus hjereseologicum, Berolini, 1856. This collection is intended to embrace eight volumes. Tom. ii. and iii. contain the anti-heretical works of Epiphanius ; the remaining volumes are intended for Theodoret, pseudo-Origen, John of Damascus, Leontius, Timotheus, Irenseus, and Nicetjo Choniatae Thesaurus orthodoxae fidei.
THIKD TORIOD. A.D. 311-590.
and wliioh, with all tlicir narrowness and passion, contain mail}- good thoughts and solid arguments. He improperly extends the conception of heresy over the field of all religion ; whereas heresy is simply a pervei'sion or caricatui-e of Christimi truth, and lives only upon the Christian religion. Ho descril)es and refutes no less than eighty heresies,' twenty of them preceding the time of Christ." The pre-Christian here- Bies are : Bar]>arism, from Adam to the flood ; Scythism ; Hellenism (idolatry proper, with various schools of philosophy) ; Samaritanism (including four difi^erent sects) ; and Judaism (subdivided into seven parties : Pharisees, Sadducees, Scribes, Hemerobaptists, Osseans, Nazarenes, and Herodians).^ Among the Christian heresies, of which Simon Magus, according to ancient tradition, figures as patriarch, the diflferent schools of Gnosticism (which may be easily reduced to about a dozen) occupy the principal space. With the sixty-fourth heresy
' Perhaps with a mystic reference to the eighty concubines in the Song ol Songs, vi. 8 : " Sesaginta sunt reginse et octoginta concubinae, et adolescentularum non est numeras. Una est cohimba raea, perfecta moa." (Vulgate.)
"^ Pseudo-Tertullian (in Libclhis adversus omnes hx-reses), Pliilastrus, and pscudo-Hieronymus (Indicuhis de hasresibus) likewise include the Jewish sects among the heresies ; while Irenasus, Augustine, Tiieodoret, and the unknown author of the Semi-Pelagian work Praedestinatus more correctly begin with the Cliristiaa sects. For further particulars, see the comparative tables of Lipsius, 1. c. p. 4 ff.
' Epiphanius in his shorter work, the Anacephalffiosis, deviates somewhat frow the order in the Panarion. His twenty heresies before Christ are as follows :
Order in the Panarion:
1. Barbarismus,
2. Scythismus,
3. Hcllcnismus,
4. Judaismus,
5. Stoici,
6. Platonici, v. Pythagorei,
1^ 8. Epicurei, 9. Samaritae, 1(1. P^sseni,
11. Scbuii'i,
12. Gorthcni,
13. Dosithei, \ 14. Saduca'i, I 15. Scrihaj, I ir>. Pharisaci,
Judaismi-i 17. Hemerobaptistas,
18, Nazarjei,
1 9. Osseni or Ossaei, (^20. Uerodiani,
Hellenismi
Samaritifuni ^
Order in the ANACKPiiAL-EOSir:
1. Barbarismus,
2. Scythisinus,
3. Ilelloiiismiis,
4. Juilai.-imus.
.5. Samaritismus, f 0. Pythagorei,
7. Platonici,
8. Stoici,
9. Epicurei, flO. (iorthcni, ■ 11. SebuiBi,
12. Esseni,
13. Dosithei, fl4. Scriba;,
15. Pharisaei, Ifi. Sadducaef,
17. llenicrobaptistffl
18. Ossa-i,
19. Nazai-aci, ^^20. Uerodiani.
Hellenismi
Samariiismi
Judaismi