§ 27. Conversion of the Saxons. Charlemagne and Alcuin. The He-
liand and the Gospel Harmony, ...... 102
III. The Conversion of Scandinavia.
General Literature, .... .... 106
§ 28. Scandinavian Heathenism, 107
§ 29. Christianization of Denmark. St. Ansgar, .... HO
§ 30. Christianization of Sweden, 118
$ 31. Christianization of Norway and Iceland, . . . . 120
IV. The Christianization of the Slavs.
\ 32. General Survey, 124
\ 33. Christian Missions among the Wends, 126
§ 34. Cyrillus and Methodius, the Apostles of the Slavs. Christianiza tion of Moravia, Bohemia and Poland, 128
§ 35. Conversion of the Bulgarians, 134
§ 36. Conversion of the Magyars, 135
$ 37. Christianization of Russia, 138
CHAPTER III.
MOHAMMEDANISM IN ITS RELATION TO CHRISTIANITY.
g 38. Literature, 143
§ 39. Statistics and Chronological Table, 148
\ 40. Position of Mohammedanism in Church History, . . . 150
\ 41. The Home, and the Antecedents of Islam, .... 155
\ 42. Life and Character of Mohammed, 160
§ 43. The Conquests of Islam, 171
$ 44. The Koran and the Bible, 174
\ 45. The Mohammedan Religion, 183
CONTENTS. ix
PAGE
46. Mohammedan Worship, 100
47. Christian Polemics against Islam. Note on Mormonism, . 195
CHAPTER IV. THE PAPAL HIERARCHY AND THE HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE.
\ 48. General Literature on the Papacy, 203
\ 49. Chronological Table of the Popes, Anti-Popes and Emperors from
Gregory I. A. I). 590 to Leo. XIII. A. D. 1878, . . 205
\ 50. Gregory the Great. A. D. 590-604, 211
$ 51. Gregory and the Universal Episcopate, . . . . . 218
\ 52. The Writings of Gregory, 225
i 53. The Papacy from Gregory I. to Gregory II. A.D. 604-715, . 230 g 54. From Gregory II. to Zacharias. A.D. 715-741, . . . 23J \ 55. Alliance of the Papacy with the New Monarchy of the Franks.
Pepin and the Patrimony of St. Peter. A. D. 741-755, . 232
\ 56. Charlemagne. A. D. 768-814 236
§ 57. Founding of the Holy Roman Empire. A.D. 800. Charlemagne
and Leo III., 250
\ 58. Survey of the History of the Holy Roman Empire, . . . 255 § 59. The Papacy and the Empire from the Death of Charlemagne to
Nicolas I. A.D. 814-858. Myth of the Papess Joan, . 264
\ 60. The Pseudo-Isidorian Decretals, 266
$ 61. Nicolas I. April, 858— Nov. 13, 867, 273
\ 62. Adrian II. and John VIII., A. D. 867-882, .... 277 \ 63. Degradation of the Papacy in the Tenth Century, . . . 279
g 64. Interference of Otho the Great, 288
\ 65. Second Degradation of the Papacy from Otho I. to Henry III.
A. D. 973-1046 293
§ 66. Henry III. and the Synod of Sutri. Deposition of Three Rival
Popes. A. D. 1046 299
CHAPTER V.
THE CONFLICT OF THE EASTERN AND WESTERN CHURCHES AND THEIR
SEPARATION.
§ 67. Sources and Literature on the Oriental Schism, .... 304
\ 68. Consensus and Dissensus between the Greek and Latin Churches, 306
\ 69. Causes of Separation, 309
\ 70. The Patriarch and the Pope. Photius and Nicolas, . . . 312
§ 71. Progress and Completion of the Schism. Cerularius. 1054. . 317
\ 72. Fruitless Attempts at Reunion, 321
CONTENTS.
CHAPTER VI.
MORALS AND RELIGION.
PAGE
73. Literature, 326
74. General Character of Mediaeval Morals, , . 327
75. Clerical Morals, 330
76. Domestic Life 333
77. Slavery, 334
78. Feuds and Private War. The Truce of God, 339
79. The Ordeal, 341
80. The Torture, .348
81. Christian Charity, 355
CHAPTER VII.
MONASTICISM.
82. Use of Convents in the Middle Ages, 363
83. St. Benedict, St. Nilus, St. Romuald, 364
84. The Convent of Cluny, 367
CHAPTER VIII.
CHURCH DISCIPLINE.
85. The Penitential Books, 371
86. Ecclesiastical Punishments. Excommunication, Anathema, In
terdict, 376
87. Penance and Indulgence, 381