49. CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF THE POPES, ETC. 209
A. D.
POPES.
ANTI-POPES.
EMPERORS.
A. D.
1378-1394
Clement VII.
1 389- 1 404 1 Boniface IX.
Wenzel (of Luxem
1394-1423
Benedict XIII.
burg).
1378-1400
deposed, 1409)
1404-140G
Innocent VII.
Rupert (of the Pala
1406 -1409
Gregory XII.
(deposed).
tinate).
1400-1410
1410-1415
Alexander V.
1410-1415
John XXIII.
(deposed).
*Sigismund (of Lux
emburg).
1410-1437
(Jobst of Moravia,
1417-1431
Martin V.
Clement VIII.
rival.)
1431-1447
Eugene IV.
1439-1449
Felix V.
Albert II. (of Hapsburg).
1438-1439
1447-1455
Xieolas V.
^Frederick III.1
1440-1493
1455-1458
Calixtns IV.
Crowned emperor.
1458-1464
Pius II.
1464-1471
Paul II.
1471-1484 1484-1492
Sixtus IV. Innocent VIII.
Maximilian I.
1493-1519
1492-1503
Alexander VI.
Pius III.
1503-1513 1513-1521
Julius II. Leo X.
*Charles V.
1519-1558
Crowned emperor at
1522-1523
Hadrian VI.
Bologna not in Rome
1523-1534
Clement VII.
1534-1549
Paul III.
1550-1555
Julius III.
1555-1559
Marrellus II. Paul IV.
Ferdinand I.
1558-1564
1559-1565
Pius IV.
1566-1572
Pius V.
1572-1585 Gregory XIII. 1585-1590 Sixtus V.
Maximilian II.
1564-1576
1590 Urban VII.
1590-1591 Gregory XIV.
1591 i Innocent IX.
1592-1605 Clement VIII.
Rudolf II.
1576-1612
Leo XI.
1605-1621
Paul V.
Matthias.
1612-1619
1621-16 23 ' ( J regorv X V.
Ferdinand II. 1619-1637
1623-1644, Urban VI 1 1.
1644-1655 Innocent X.
Ferdinand III. ' 1637-1657
1655 1667 Alexander VII
1667-1669 Clement IX.
Leopold I.
1657-1705
1 Frederick III. was the last emperor crowned in Rome. All his successors, except Charles VII. and Francis I., were of the House of Hapsburg.
FOURTH PERIOD. A. D. 590-1049.
A. D.
POPES.
ANTI-POPES.
EMPERORS.
A.D.
1G07-1G76
Clement X.
1676-1689
Innocent XI.
1689-1691
Alex'derVIII.
1691-1700
Innocent XII.
1700-1721
Clement XI.
Joseph I.
1705-1711
1721-1724 1724-1730 1730-1740 1740-1758
Innocent XIII. Benedict XIII. Clement XII. Benedict XIV.
Charles VI. Charles VII. (of Ba varia). Francis I. (of Lor raine).
1711-1740 1742-1745 1745-1765
1758-1769
Clement XIII.
Joseph II.
1765-1790
1769-1774
Clement XIV.
1775-1799
Pius VI.
Leopold II.
1790-1792
Francis II.
1792-1806
1800-1823
Pius VII.
Abdication of Fran
1823-1829
Leo XII.
cis II.
1829-1830 1831-1846 1846-1878
Pius VIII. Gregory XVI. Pius IX. (long est reign).
(Francis I., Emperor of Austria). German Confederation
North German Con federation.
1814-1866 1866-1870
Leo XIII.
New German Empire.
William I. of Prussia.
1870]
\ 50. GEEGORY THE GREAT. A.D. 590-604. 211
§ 50. Gregory the Great. A.D. 590-604.
LITERATURE.
I. GREGORII M. Opera. The best is the Benedictine ed. of Dom. de Ste
Marthe (Dionysiua Sammarthanus o congregationo St. Mauri), Par., 1705, 4 vols. fol. Reprinted in Venice, 17G8-76, in 17 vols. 4to.; and, with additions, in IVIigue's Patrologia, 1849, in 5 vols. (Tom. 75-79).
Especially valuable arc Gregory's Epistles, nearly 850 (in third vol. of Migne's cd.). A new ed. is being prepared by Paul Ewald.
II. Biographies of Gregory L
(1) Older biographies : in the "Liber Pontificalis ;" by PAULUS DIACONUS
(f797), in Opera I. 42 (ed. Migne) ; by JOHANNES DIACONUS (9th cent.), ibid., p. 59, and one selected from his writings, ibid., p. 242. Detailed notices of Gregory in the writings of Gregory of Tours, Bede, Isidorus Hispal., Paul Warnefried (730).
(2) Modern biographies :
G. LAU : Gregor L nach seincm Leben und nach seiner Lehrc. Leipz., 1845. BOIIUIXGER : Die Kirche Christl und Hire Zeucjen. Bd. I., Abth. IV.
Zurich, 1846.
G. PFAHLER : Gregor der Gr. und seine Zeit. Frkf. a. M., 1852. JAMES BARMBY: Gregory the Great. London, 1879. Also his art.
"Gregorius I." in Smith & Wace, "Diet, of Christ. Biogr.," II. 779
(1880). Comp. JAFFE, NEANDER, MILMAX (Book III., ch. 7, vol. II., 39 sqq.);
GREENWOOD (Book III., chs. 6 and 7); MOXTALEMBERT (Lesmoines
d' Occident, Bk. V., Engl. transl., vol. II., 69 sqq.); BAXMANN (Poli-
tik der Pupate, I. 44 sqq.) ; ZOPFFEL (art. Gregor I. in the- new ed.
of Herzog).
" Whatever may be thought of the popes of earlier times," says Ranke,1 " they always had great interests in view : the care of oppressed religion, the conflict with heathenism, the spread of Christianity among the northern nations, the founding of an independent hierarchy. It belongs to the dignity of human ex istence to aim at and to execute something great ; this tendency the popes kept in upward motion."
This commendation of the earlier popes, though by no means applicable to all, is eminently true of the one who stands at the beginning of our period.
1 Die Rdmischen Piipste des 16 und lltcn Jahrhundc-rts, Th. L, p. 44 (2nd ed.).